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Recent Developments in Nanoparticulate-Mediated Drug Delivery in Therapeutic Approaches
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Janmejaya Bag, Swetapadma Sahu, Monalisa Mishra
Among various new nanomaterials, the nanopore and nanotube contribute a lot in the drug delivery system. They exhibit high surface area, high surface chemistry, low-cost fabrication, rigidity, chemical, and mechanical resistivity (Kayser et al., 2005; Hughes, 2017; Lavan et al., 2003; Vallet-Regi et al., 2007). Mesoporous silica NP is used for drug delivery systems from the last two decades. It is synthesized, organically by an electrochemical process with mesoporous silicon (Anglin et al., 2008; Salonen et al., 2008). However, now the researchers have focused on developing nanopores and nanotubes (Ghicov and Schmuki, 2009). Nanoporous silica, alumina oxides, and titania nanotubes are the best examples of the nanoporous carrier to be used for drug delivery in therapeutics (Grimes, 2007; Schmid, 2002).
Utility of Nanotechnology in Various Disciplines
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Nanotechnology, 2020
Shipra, Priyanka, Vibha Aggarwal
Nutritious foods are one of the fundamental needs of humanity in this world. People around the world are looking for nutritious foods because of various reasons. Agricultural nanotechnology innovation is expected to solve food-sector problems and to maximize agricultural productivity. The need for clean, affordable drinking water can be helped by nanotechnologies, by rapid low-cost impurity detection and water purification. Nanopores (small pores in an electrically insulating membrane which can be used as a single molecular detector) have improved freshwater filtration through the application of nanotechnology. Nanopores have been produced so small that the smallest contaminant can be removed. These water purification devices use UV chemicals to prevent toxins like pesticides, solvents, and bacteria from being radiated in the water flowing through them. Nanopores can be produced precisely so that the system is filtered effectively with minimal influence on the flow rate.
Nanotemplated Materials for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Sanjay V. Malhotra, B. L. V. Prasad, Jordi Fraxedas, Molecular Materials, 2017
Erica Schlesinger, Daniel A. Bernards, Rachel Gamson, Tejal A. Desai
Inorganic materials are used to fabricate nanoporous membranes in drug delivery with good antifouling properties, well-controlled linear pores, and scalable manufacturing. Inorganic nanoporous materials are prevalent in biofiltration applications and are being applied to drug delivery as diffusion barriers in long-acting implants as well as drug-eluting coatings on implant surfaces. As discussed, by tuning pore diameter to be on the order of the hydrodynamic diameter of the therapeutic, single-file diffusion may be achieved and consequently drug release is concentration independent. In long-acting implants where a reservoir is loaded with a soluble therapeutic (such as a biologic), nanoporous membranes can be utilized as a diffusion barrier that results in constant-rate release over extended durations. Alternatively, inorganic nanoporous surface coatings may provide both drug loading and a means for controlled release. In these coatings, drugs may be loaded directly into the nanopores themselves, and constrained diffusion out of the pores results in sustained release of drug, which can be achieved with both small and large molecules. For such nanoporous coatings, pore size will control drug release rate and pore volume and density will determine drug-loading capacity (Figure 12.1).
Instant formation of nanopores on flexible polymer membranes using intense pulsed light and nanoparticle templates
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2023
Miaoning Ren, Tianyu Li, Wenxing Huo, Yu Guo, Zhiqiang Xia, Ya Li, Jing Niu, M. Serdar Onses, Xian Huang
Nanofabrication techniques employing focused ion beam and electron beam enable real-time monitoring of nanopore morphology and sizes during the manufacturing process [17,24], facilitating the production of ultra-small nanopores with dimensions as minute as 0.13 nm [32]. Conversely, a more cost-effective controllable dielectric breakdown can generate multiple nanopores on thin dielectric films below 10 nm in thickness, with pore size roughly controlled by an applied voltage. However, precise manipulation of nanopore position and quantity necessitates the use of auxiliary tools such as atomic force microscopes or lasers [33,34]. Compared with the above methods, chemical etching methods can achieve low-cost and large-area fabrication of conical nanopores with a size less than 2 nm by redox reactions of chemical solution and membranes, but accurate etching profiles by heavy ion irradiation or mask deposition are needed to determine the position of the nanopores [28,35]. In addition, nanoimprint lithography has the capability to produce nanopore arrays in large quantities, but its application is confined to polymer films, limiting its versatility [36,37]. DNA nanotechnology can generate nanopores with precise sizes and shapes but requires an additional process before the nanopores being employed as a nanopore sensor. Nanopore fabrication methods are gradually driving toward achieving lower cost, shorter processing time, and smaller dimensions of the nanopores.
Culturing the uncultured microbial majority in activated sludge: A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Between these two platforms, PacBio firstly receives more attention since its higher accuracy. But recently, researchers pay more attention to Nanopore due to its convenient portability and shorter duration time between sampling and data analysis which greatly facilitates the research on site. Besides, the continuous improvement of accuracy and constantly developed bioinformatic tools of Nanopore also promote its wider application. As a powerful sequencing tool, Nanopore has been widely used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing with fast feedback and reliable results, and studies from diverse areas also show its promising application (Benítez-Páez et al., 2016). Nanopore sequencing offered species-level resolution for phytoplankton samples and provided new insights into the cyanobacteria biodiversity in tropical marine ecosystems (Curren et al., 2019). Nanopore also has excellent performance in medical research for the rapid identification of pathogens (Moon et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2016).
Next-generation DNA sequencing of oral microbes at the Sir John Walsh Research Institute: technologies, tools and achievements
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Nicholas C. K. Heng, Jo-Ann L. Stanton
The most recent technology that generates ultra-long sequence reads is nanopore technology, which works on the basis of electrophysiology (reviewed by Kono and Arakawa 2019). What makes nanopore sequencing so unique is that the sequencing apparatus (e.g. the Oxford Nanopore MinION) consists of a small cartridge that can be attached to a laptop computer via a USB connector with sequencing occurring in real-time. Each nanopore comprises a biological membrane-bound protein-based pore complex, at which a continuous current is applied (Kono and Arakawa 2019). As a single-stranded DNA molecule is extruded by an enzyme through the nanopore, the current is disrupted by the passage of the nucleotide, with each nucleotide displaying its unique ‘disruption characteristics’. Like SMRT technology, DNA extrusion is only limited by the reagents supplied and the integrity of the nanopore. Therefore, sequence data generation by nanopore technology is theoretically endless. Indeed, the current world nanopore sequencing record is an amazing 2.2 million–bp single read! However, nanopore technology has a significant Achilles’ heel and that is the ‘homopolymer effect’, which results in read errors that are relatively higher than all other sequencing technologies available today. Nonetheless, here at the University of Otago, we have recently achieved sequence reads of over 325,000 bp in length using the Oxford Nanopore MinION system.