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Biomedical Applications of Pullulan
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Aisverya Soundararajan, Pullulan, 2020
J. Hemapriya, Ashwini Ravi, Aisverya Soundararajan, P.N. Sudha, S. Vijayanand
Nanogels have been extensively used in drug- and gene-delivery systems since they can trap biomolecules, respond to external stimulus, and form macrogels in nanogel network[39, 60, 100]. These nanogels are usually prepared by synthetic methods of microemulsion, precipitation, polymerization, and intramolecular crosslinking of single-chain macromolecules[5, 31, 43, 47]. Nanogels, when conjugated with short-chain fatty acids, can bind with proteins as a host and are used as drug carriers. In addition, they can also be utilized as molecular chaperones. Since pullulan is a compatible biomolecule and forms hydrogels, it is often conjugated with nanogels to be used as molecular chaperones. Cholesterol-bearing pullulan has been extensively used as molecular chaperones for the refolding of citrate synthase[50, 85]. A study on pullulan in the thermal stabilization of horseradish peroxidase proved that pullulan can be utilized to thermally stabilize some unstable proteins[86]. In a study by Hirakura et al., spiropyrane-induced pullulan nanogels were found to have the ability to control protein folding on photostimulation[37]. Along with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and crosslinked haluronan, pullulan is used as molecular chaperone insulin, carbonic anhydrase B and Peptide 1, erythropoietin, insulin, respectively[38, 65, 66]. Cholesterol-bearing pullulan nanogels were also found efficient in the refolding of heat-denatured enzyme carbonic anhydrase along with β cyclodextrin[2].
Multifunctional Hybrid Nanogels for Medicine
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnologies in the medical field as drug delivery systems, imaging and sensing agents, theranostic materials, and so on. To improve the properties of nanoparticles and make them more suitable for application in medical field, several kinds of modification studies were conducted on nano-sized drug carriers, which endowed them with multi-functionalities [1, 2]. For instance, by incorporating the poly(ethylene glycol) chains (PEG), targeting moiety, permeation enhancer, contrast agent and stimuli-sensitive group, drug carriers can combine such properties as longevity, target-ability, intracellular penetration, contrast loading and multiple stimuli-sensitive controlled release [3]. Especially, according to the different physiological environment around pathological tissues, various stimuli-responsive nanogel drug delivery systems have been widely used to prolong drug release and achieve targeted release in recent years. For example, pH-sensitive [4, 5], redox-sensitive [6, 7] and glucose-sensitive [8] nanogels have been developed.
Progress and Prospects of Polymeric Nanogel Carrier Designs in Targeted Cancer Therapy
Published in Jince Thomas, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Jiya Jose, Nanoparticles in Polymer Systems for Biomedical Applications, 2019
Prashant Sahu, Sushil K. Kashaw, Samaresh Sau, Arun K. Iyer
Nanogel-based drug delivery system discloses as a futuristic drugs carrier administration approach which plays a very important role in delivery of numerous bioactives, medicine, and therapeutics in wide varieties of diseases and disorders. They exhibit substantial physiognomies and circumvent complications related with formulation like toxicity, stability, absorption, and compatibility. Nanogels emerge as an important contender in several targeting areas like skin, brain, liver, lungs, colon, GIT, and heart with vast benefits of several routes of administration. In future, the limitations like tissue selectivity, site specificity, side effects, and therapeutic efficacy can be curtailed by adjusting the precise elements linked with formulation and administration of nanogels which outcomes in intensifying prospect of nanogel delivery system in wide varieties of infections. Extended levels of preclinical and clinical research must be organized for the improved economic production of nanogel at commercial stages.
Electrophoresis of a soft charged particle in a sparsely packed bed
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Bibaswan Dey, G. P. Raja Sekhar, P. S. Burada
Electrophoresis of micro and nanosized particles is of great interest in recent decades due to its usage in the medical and technological applications. These particles which are used in drug delivery can be prepared either from soft organic polymeric or hard inorganic materials. These are capable of loading anticancer drug in a variety of configurations (Lobatto et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2010). Hydrogel nano-particle (Nanogel) based drug delivery formulations ensure the effectiveness and safety of some anti-cancer drugs and many other drugs (Lobatto et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2010). Drugs loaded inside a nano-particle are made separate from the exterior aqueous environment by an insoluble layer of polymer. Such a technology is available for drug transport in the name of polymer micro/nanosphere based drug delivery. This technology also assures the low toxicity to the surrounding tissue of the target (Sultana et al., 2013). Typically, loaded drugs diffuse out through the polymer layer into the surrounding environment (Sun et al., 2014; Nayak and Lyon, 2005). Instead of a single hydrogel particle, sometimes a collection of micro/nanoparticles may be of interest to understand various drug delivery approaches. The natural advantage of using these hydrogels is because of their long span of life in circulation process and possibility to reach the desired tissue (e.g., tumor) (Hamidi et al., 2008). Hence, it is expected that the pharmaceutical technology will be benefited by the additional properties of hydrogels like hydrophilicity, flexibility and biocompatibility.
An insight of nanogels as novel drug delivery system with potential hybrid nanogel applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Balaji Maddiboyina, Prasanna Kumar Desu, Mallikarjun Vasam, Veerendra Teja Challa, Amareswarapu V. Surendra, Raja Sridhar Rao, Shanmugarathinam Alagarsamy, Vikas Jhawat
Since nanogels have remain shown to be capable DDS, they have a wide range of qualities such as on-site DDS, sustained-release preparation, great drug trapping qualities, water-solubility, biodegradability, low toxicity [41]. The ability to carry out several tasks due to many operational characteristics and functions has allowed nanogel to become indispensable in many drug delivery domains. Nanogel's superior drug delivery mechanism was discovered by mixing polymers, metals, and other active compounds in the form of a nanogel. Nanogel systems, generally applied in several streams, including medical, testing tools, food processing, etc., have been successfully developed. There are different qualities and possible applications, and these nanogel ingredients are used thoroughly in the following fields [42]. In Vaccine, Gene and ophthalmic deliveryIn antiviral, anti-cancer, antimicrobial and antifungal drug deliveryIn autoimmune DiseasesAs coagulating agent & anti-InflammatoryOligosaccharides, peptide and protein deliveryOffers high biocompatibility and colloidal stabilityHigh drug and bioactive loading capacity with good solubilityControlled & sustained release of medicine at the desired site [43]
Loaded paraquaton polymeric nanocapsules and evaluation for cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Ali Jafari, Efat Nazari, Mansour Ghaderpoori, Marzieh Rashidipour, Afshin Nazari, Farzaneh Chehelcheraghi, Bahram Kamarehie, Reza Rezaee
All the chemicals used for this study were of analytical grade. In this work, the nanogel was synthesized via ionic gelification method which has been described in detail by others (Popa et al. 2010; Renato et al. 2014; Grillo et al. 2015; Chauhan et al. 2017). To prepare the loaded PQ (L-PQ) and obtain a more efficient product, the amount of main affecting material in the synthesis of this nanoparticle (i.e. PQ, Xanthan, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and chitosan) were changed once at a time. For this purpose, four steps were conducted as follows: (Step 1) different amounts (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%) of chitosan (C6H11NO4, Sigma, Germany) were slowly added to Erlenmeyers containing an acidic solution (15 mL, pH = 4.7) then magnetically agitated for 2 h. The solution was then filtered using a 0.45 µm filter. After that, 20 mg PQ (C12H14N2, Sigma, Germany) was added to each Erlenmeyer flask. Finally, STPP (Na5P3O10, Merck, Germany) solution (15 mL, 0.02%) and xanthan (C35H45O29, Sigma Germany) solution (2 mL, 0.25%, pH = 2) was added to the containers. At this stage, chitosan with a concentration of 0.3% revealed a better results and was selected for the next stage. (Step 2) 20 mg of PQ was added to 15 mL chitosan (0.3%), then, STPP at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% were gradually added to the solutions. Finally, xanthan solution (2 mL, 0.25%, pH = 2) was added to each Erlenmeyer. At this stage, STPP with a concentration of 0.1% revealed better results and was selected for the next stage. (Step 3) 20 mg of PQ was added to 15 mL chitosan (0.3%), 15 mL of STPP solution (0.1%). Then, various concentrations of xanthan (0.05%, 0.083%, 0.11%, 0.15%, 0.18%, 0.21%, and 0.25%) were added slowly to the solutions. At this stage xanthan with concentration of 0.15% revealed better result and was selected for the next stage. (Step 4) At this stage, 0.5 mL of PQ at various amounts (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L−1) were added to 0.3% chitosan solution containers, then, 15 mL STPP solution (0.1%) and after that, 2 mL xanthan solution (0.15, pH = 2)) were added to the containers. To obtain better results, at any process compete agitation of the solutions (for 30 min) was performed. To L-PQ, a solution containing chitosan solution (0.3%) in acetic acid (0.2%, pH = 4.7) was prepared and kept under agitation for 2 h (Grillo et al. 2015). Then, the solution was filtered through a 0.45 µm filter. After that, 20 mg of PQ was added and the solution stirred for 30 min. Then, the STPP solution (0.1%) was then added slowly. After forming a hydrogel structure 2 mL xanthan solution (0.15%) (Previously prepared in HCl (2 molars) at 90°C) was added. Finally, the hydrogel was dried using liquid nitrogen and freezer dryer and analyzed for the amount of L-PQ using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) instrument (Varian VISTA-MPX) (Chauhan et al. 2017). At this stage, the amount of 20 mg showed a better result. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) or L-PQ in the product was computed using (Eq. 1) (Popa et al. 2010):