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Phototherapy Using Nanomaterials
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
A. N. Resmi, V. Nair Resmi, C. R. Rekha, V. Nair Lakshmi, Shaiju S. Nazeer, Ramapurath S. Jayasree
Fullerenes (C60) are one of the allotropes of carbon [100]. The empty interior cavity of the fullerene molecule aids the metal-binding to form metallofullerene. As a result, it shows novel electronic and photophysical property, and hence it is used as MRI [101] agent for PDT in biological systems [102]. Functionalized fullerenes can be utilized for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Localized cell destruction was induced by heating polyhydroxy fullerenes (PHF) and carboxy fullerenes (CF) up to their ignition temperature by irradiating with a continuous wave laser of low intensity (<102 W/cm2) [103]. Fullerene functionalized with cyanuric chloride at room temperature shows broad UV absorption in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. This exhibited excellent photothermal conversion and fluorescence with a high quantum yield [104]. Photoacoustic effect of NIR absorbing fullerene derivatives with click reagents like 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquiodimethane, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquiodimethane (TCNQ), and F4-TCNQ was studied. The F4-TCNQ derived fullerenes showed excellent triple efficacy (PA, PT, and PDT effect) compared with other four derivatives [105]. Studies in the photothermal property of fullerenes are still need to be studied in detail. In combination with CNT, alkylated fullerenes act as temperature sensors, which indicate the thermal sensing nature of fullerenes [106].
A Review on Fullerenes and its Applications in Health Care Sector
Published in Sarika Verma, Raju Khan, Avanish Kumar Srivastava, Advanced Nanocarbon Materials, 2022
M. Sundararajan, L. Athira, R. A. Renjith, M. Prasanna, R. G. Rejith, S. Ramaswamy, Sarika Verma, M. A. Mohammed-Aslam
The nature of a fullerene cage as a potential “isolation chamber” indicates the possibility of carrying an unstable atom, for example, a metal atom, within the interior of the molecular cage, forming so-called endofullerenes/metallofullerenes that would be able to isolate reactive atoms from their environment. Several studies have already shown that fullerene cages are relatively non-toxic and are resistant to body metabolism. Biodistribution studies with water-soluble derivatives of C60 demonstrate that these compounds are primarily localized in the liver and their clearance from the body is very slow. Metallofullerenes introduce no release of the captured metal atom under in-vivo conditions, in contrast to metal chelates, and they show potential in diagnostic applications. Endofullerenes can be applied as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, X-ray imaging agents, or radiopharmaceuticals. In another approach, fullerene derivatives were used as a carrier for serum protein profiling, which is a powerful tool for the identification of protein signatures associated with pathologies and for biomarker discovery, using the material-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation (MELDI) technique (Feuerstein et al. 2006). Figure 10.4 illustrates the schematic representation of various biomedical applications of fullerenes (Goodarzi et al. 2017).
Molecular and Carbon Nanoelectronics
Published in Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Nano- and Micro-Electromechanical Systems, 2018
The electronic properties of endohedral fullerenes have been studied using cyclic voltammetry. The electronic characteristics of endohedral metallofullerenes differ greatly compared with the empty fullerenes. For example, La@C82 is a strong electron acceptor and electron donor. In particular, according to 19, at least five electrons can be transferred to the C82 cage while maintaining 3+ charge state of the encaged La atom, i.e., (La3+@C823− )5−. The schematic energy level diagram for La@C82 is reported in Figure 8.20.19
Electronic structure of hydroxylated La@C82 endohedral metallofullerene: implications on photovoltaic cells
Published in Molecular Physics, 2020
Z. N. Cisneros-García, David Alejandro Hernández, Francisco J. Tenorio, J. G. Rodríguez-Zavala
It is well-known that there is a great variety of endohedral metallofullerenes, however, the prototypical system studied here, represents a very good example to give a first approximation to analyse possible applications of endohedral metallofullerenes in photovoltaic devices, since here, the electronic structure variation of an endohedral fullerene when exohedral multi-functionalisation is varied, could be analysed. We hope this study can help to motivate subsequent theoretical studies of endohedral systems and their possible novel applications in photovoltaic devices.