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Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Lanolin is purified sheep wax.18 The word is derived from lana (wool) and oil (oleum) in Latin. Lanolin can be extracted from wool by organic solvents or soapy water. It is a mixture of fatty acid esters and hydrophobic alcohols, diols, and steroids, including large amounts of cholesterol and lanosterol. The alcohols and sterols largely are present as esters prior to hydrolysis. About half the carboxylic acid is hydroxylated. The hydroxyl groups appear at either the α- or ω-position. The fatty acids and alcohols are not entirely straight chain with ω-1 and ω-2 methyl branching being most common. Lanolin has been used in cosmetic preparations since the time of the early Egyptians. It is readily absorbed onto the skin and conveys a smooth feel. It softens the skin and promotes rehydration of dry skin. It is used in such products as lipsticks and glosses. It has the ability to both disperse pigment and form an adhesive bond to the surface of the lip. The lanolin mixture can be fractionated into liquid and waxy components. It can also be subjected to vigorous hydrogenation, in which case the alcohol content is increased by reducing the ester groups to alcohols. Chemically modified forms of lanolin, such as acetylated or ethoxyethylated, are also available as commercial products. These products are considered to be safe in cosmetic applications by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel.19 Lanolin is also used in pharmaceutical preparations. Lanolin has the potential to cause allergic reactions, although the incidence is estimated to be at most 1/106. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a “lanolin scare” arose, abetted in part by advertisers of “lanolin free” products. For a time “contains lanolin” warnings were required on cosmetics, but these were lifted in the United States and Europe by 1982. In the meantime, lanolin producers found ways to further refine lanolin, to meet exacting standards for pesticide residues, color, and odor.
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Lanolin can be described as the purified form of wool wax, or wool grease. This is a naturally occurring lipid present in the fleece of sheep and typically obtained during the "scouring" of the wool to clean it prior to further processing. This lipid consists of a complex mixture of esters whose acid and alcohol fractions have been described in the previous figure and tables.
An insight on topically applied formulations for management of various skin disorders
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Amit K. Jain, Sakshi Jain, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Parul Mehta, Prashant Kesharwani
Sharma et al. (2019) developed salicylic acid loaded lanolin-based organogel with refined delivery potential and comparatively lesser skin irritation for therapeutic management of hyperkeratotic lesions and scaling. The prepared formulation system consisted the nanometric particle size (257.5 nm), higher negative zeta potential (−24.9 mV). The prepared system has the yield value of 2.3078 Pa confirmed its pseudoplastic nature. The outcomes of skin permeation studies illustrated superiority of the developed organogel preparation over the conventional marketed gel formulation. Additionally, the dermatokinetic experiments using Balb/c mice model also demonstrated improved permeation and enhanced skin availability of salicylic acid to outermost skin layer when compared to marketed gel formulation
Preparation and evaluation of polymer-encapsulated UV filter nanocapsules with miniemulsion polymerization
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Qing An, Xinjiong Ni, Dong Liu, Yun Zhang, Yuhua Cao
Styrene (St), methacrylic acid (MAA), MMA, ether, ethanol, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), stearic acid, isopropanol, propylene glycol, triethanolamine and potassium peroxydisulfate (analytical grade), lanolin and isopropyl myristate (IPM) (chemical pure), as well as homosalate (98%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. OD-PABA (98%) was obtained from American ISP. EGDMA (99%) was purchased from Belling Technology Co. Ltd. 2,2-Azo-bis-iso-butyronitrile (AIBN) purchased from Shanghai No.4 Reagent & H.V. Chemical Co. Ltd. was used after recrystallization. Deionized water was prepared with a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, America) with a resistivity of 18 MΩ·cm. Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) (Gibco, America), phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (Gibco, America), penicillin-atreptomycin (Gibco, America), fetal bovine serum (FBS) (AusgeneX, Australia), and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, America) were purchased from thinkfar biotechnology Co. Ltd. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma Co. Ltd.
Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in in vitro human models: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Aileen M. Feschuk, Nadia Kashetsky, Chavy Chiang, Anuk Burli, Halie Burdick, Howard I. Maibach
Experiment B investigated the permeability of scrotal and abdominal skin, taken from two autopsies, to 5% salicylic acid in lanolin that was added to the epidermal surface and the samples were then incubated in a desiccator at 35°C. Dilute ferric chloride was used as an indicator for penetration of salicylic acid, measured at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min.