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Microplastic and Nanoplastic Pollution in Water Bodies from Conventional Packaging Materials
Published in Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Kishor Kumar, Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications, 2023
Thermal characteristics of packaging are critical for their manufacture, use and disposal. Packaging materials are critical for their manufacture, use and disposal. Two most common thermal analytical techniques are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC essentially helps in determining the phase transition of the materials with respect to temperature change such as glass transition segment and melting point. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of a packaging plastic is governed by the compatibility/miscibility of its individual components present in it. The melting temperature (Tm) decides the thermal stability and thus the processing temperature of the material [1]. The TGA helps in determining the degradation temperature of material and the composition of material as well.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of PLA/Cellulose Composites
Published in Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Suchart Siengchin, Nisa V. Salim, Jinu Jacob George, Aiswarya Poulose, Polylactic Acid-Based Nanocellulose and Cellulose Composites, 2022
N. M. Nurazzi, N. Abdullah, M. N. F. Norrrahim, S. H. Kamarudin, S. Ahmad, S. S. Shazleen, M. Rayung, M. R. M. Asyraf, R. A. Ilyas, M. Kuzmin
DSC is a technique to measure the energy or the amount of heat absorbed or released when the sample is heated or cooled at a controlled rate. It is a direct assessment of the heat energy uptake, which usually occurs in a sample with a regulated decrease or increase in temperature. The calorimetry is being applied to monitor the phase transitions of polymers samples' behavioral changes [52]. Simply put, it is a thermal analysis technique that looks at how a material's heat capacity (Cp) is changed by temperature. The DSC could examine the thermal stability and crystallinity behavior of polymeric samples. It is used to study transition biochemical reactions, called a single molecular transition of a molecule from one conformation to another. Melting points of the samples are being identified in solid, solution, and mixed phases such as suspensions [53].
Organic matrices
Published in A.R. Bunsell, S. Joannès, A. Thionnet, Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials, 2021
R. Bunsell, S. Joannes, A. Thionnet
The overall reaction of the resin can be monitored by a differential scanning calorimeter, or DSC, in which the temperature of a known mass of the resin positioned in a container, is compared with the temperature of an exactly similar but empty container during a continuous and slow temperature rise. As the weight and specific heat of the resin and the temperature difference are known, the heat flow, either to or from the resin, can be determined. DSC is a very widely used technique for examining polymers and determine their thermal transitions. The most important transitions are the glass transition temperature (Tg), the crystallisation temperature (Tc) and the melting temperature (Tm).
Experimental investigation of fuel properties and engine operation with natural and synthetic antioxidants added to biodiesel
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Gediz Uğuz, Abdülvahap Çakmak, Carlos da Silva Bento, Nalan Türköz Karakullukçu
DSC ensures proper measurement of the thermal properties of materials qualitatively and quantitatively; it measures crystallization (Tc), degradation (Td), and glass transition temperatures (Tg), as well as the values of enthalpy (ΔH) and specific heat (Cp). The heat flow difference is necessary to keep the sample and the reference material at the same temperature [17]. DSC analysis of B20, B20 + CEO, B20 + TEO, and B20 + BHT was carried out with a TA Q-2000 DSC. The DSC analysis was done in a calorimeter (DSC Q20 coupled with RCS90). The device has a cooling system. The sample amount was nearly 5 ± 0.5 mg and was put into an aluminum pan. The heat flow was measured differentially. An empty pan was used as a reference for comparing heat flow. The cooling rate was 10 °C/min between −90 and 25 °C under an inert nitrogen atmosphere (N2) with a 50 mL/min flow rate. Each DSC analysis takes nearly 16.5 min. The DSC method is described as a list in Table 6.
Physicochemical characterization, thermal analysis and pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic biomasses
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Ilias Bakhattar, Mohamed Asbik, Abdelghani Koukouch, Imane Aadnan, Omar Zegaoui, Veronica Belandria, Sylvie Bonnamy, Brahim Sarh
DSC is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flux retrieved/released by a material when exposed to well-defined thermal conditions. Figure 4 plots the variation of heat flux curves (absorbed or released) with respect to samples temperature, and they show endothermic and exothermic peaks. For three biomasses (OP, AS and DS) the drying process (endothermic peak) occurs around 100 °C as expected, whereas the peak relative to the hydrochar (HC) corresponds to about 74 °C (dehydration process) because of it is a hydrophobic product [69]. Intensity of these peaks could quantify the of moisture rate inside each sample and the heat quantity required for this operation (drying/dehydration). Exothermic peaks appear between 275 °C and 315 °C. They belong to pyrolysis process band of each product, generated by the thermal degradation of biomass components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Respective biomass enthalpy can be deduced from their own band surfaces.
Composite material from waste poly (ethylene terephthalate) reinforced with glass fiber and waste window glass filler
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Biruk Gedif Worku, Tessera Alemneh Wubieneh
Thermal analysis is a series of techniques that provide physical property measurement as a function of temperature, time, and other variables. Mainly, TGA measures the weight change of composite sample over temperature range and DSC measure the heat flow of composite sample over the given temperature range. The thermal behavior of PET bottles and recycled PET was measured with both DSC and TGA. DSC samples were heated at a rate of 40 °C/min from 30 to 445°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The test was carried out under an air atmosphere at a flow of 20 ml/min. TGA was performed at a temperature range from 30°C to 1200°C, with a heating rate of 30°C/min. This was done to check the effect of recycling on the properties of PET and used to investigate the response of recycling PET polymers on heating.