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Identification of lime-based mural painting techniques in catacombs using well-established criteria of stratigraphic investigation
Published in Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, The Conservation of Subterranean Cultural Heritage, 2014
D. Tapete, R. Piovesan, E. Cantisani, F. Fratini, C. Mazzoli, L. Maritan
The sample ST6 was collected from the centre of the vault in the double cubicle P in the Catacombs of St. Tecla. The painted layer lies over an arriccio of aerial lime and pozzolana with a binder-aggregate ratio of 1:2 and traces of smoothing near the upper interface. Quite unusually, the paint stratigraphy shows the application of bimodal coarse glauconite and celadonite grains (30-50 μm, 200-400 μm) mixed with iron oxides and carbon black, over a lime-paint carbon black layer (Fig. 5a).
First Analytical Study on Second-Century Wall Paintings from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa: Insights on the Materials and Painting Technique
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020
Ioana Maria Cortea, Luminița Ghervase, Ovidiu Țentea, Anca Constantina Pârău, Roxana Rădvan
The rich Fe content registered for the red, green and orange areas allows us to hypothesize the use of iron based pigments. Nevertheless, as iron was found in all spectra, the identification of these iron based pigments could not be achieved through XRF alone. FTIR results obtained for the green tones (Figure 3b) point toward celadonite—a green earth pigment, identified in both P2 and P4 samples via the infrared absorptions bands centered at 3601, 3557, and 3533 cm−1 (hydroxyl stretching); 1633 cm−1 (hydroxyl bending); 1070 and 948 cm−1 (Si-O stretching); 486, 455, and 441 cm−1 (Si-O-R and R-OH absorption), respectively (Feller 1986; Gutman et al. 2016). This is in agreement with the SEM-EDS results (Table 3), which showed higher Mg, Si, and K content, in detriment of Ca, and a homogeneous distribution of the main elements (Figure 4) in the green sample P2-4. Moreover, it is in accordance with present literature studies, which mention green earth as the most commonly used green pigment for that time period (Siddall 2006).