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Published in Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov, Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases, 2020
Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov
Caproic acid CH3(CH2)8 COOH. The thermal conductivity values of liquid capric acid given below are thought to be correct within three percent: T,K …………………280290300310320330340350λ·103,W/(mK)..145143141139137134132130
Changes and correlation analysis of volatile compounds, key enzymes, and fatty acids in lemon flavedo under different drying methods
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Jiaqi Hu, Xiyun Sun, Feifei Yang, Hongwei Xiao, Chunju Liu, Xiaojie Duan, Yulong Wu, Haiou Wang
The fatty acid changes in lemon flavedo that occur after drying are shown in Table 2. Eleven fatty acids were detected in the lemon flavedo, namely, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. Regarding the various fatty acid contents, fresh lemon flavedo contained the most amount of oleic acid at 2.02 ± 0.06 mg/g, followed by capric acid, caprylic acid, and tridecanoic acid at 0.86 ± 0.01 mg/g, 0.60 ± 0.01 mg/g, and 0.21 ± 0.02 mg/, respectively. Meanwhile, the rest of the fatty acids were less than 0.20 mg/g. For the three drying methods (IFD, CFD, and AD), the fatty acid content of each type showed an overall decreasing trend as the drying process proceeded. In the IFD process, the loss of fatty acid content was faster during the 0.5 h pre-freezing of FD, followed by a slow decreasing trend. The trend of total fatty acid content observed using the CFD method was similar to that of IFD, but the total amount was significantly lower than that of IFD during and after the freeze-drying process, the loss rate of the total fatty acid content was 72.95%, whereas that in another FD method, IFD was the lowest at 56.54%. The loss in the fatty acid content of AD-treated samples was higher than that of FD-treated samples at 77.38%. In a comprehensive way, the fatty acid loss rate in the three drying methods was AD > IFD > CFD; in the FD method, the fatty acid content loss rate of IFD was greater than that of CFD.
Insights into the microbiomes for medium-chain carboxylic acids production from biowastes through chain elongation
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Xingdong Shi, Lan Wu, Wei Wei, Bing-Jie Ni
There should be a pretreatment device to remove the counterion before the ED process. The perstraction system is an excellent candidate as the prestreatment device. In the perstraction system, the MCCAs finally exist in the alkaline phase as carboxylate salt (e.g. caproate) (Ge et al., 2015). To further obtain the MCCAs molecular (e.g. caproic acid), the other acid must be added to apply for the proton to combine with carboxylate to transform carboxylic acid. However, ED can replace this step without dosing any acids (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2021). In addition, the counterion in fermentation broth has been removed after perstraction process. Recent studies have combined perstraction system with ED and obtained over 90% purity of caproic and caprylic acids (Xu et al., 2015, 2021).
Production of chemicals in thermophilic mixed culture fermentation: mechanism and strategy
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Kun Dai, Wei Zhang, Raymond Jianxiong Zeng, Fang Zhang
Last, the prospects and further developments in TMCF is proposed, in which several strategies for metabolites production in mesophilic MCF are also needed to be developed in TMCF. For example, several researchers found that adding conductive materials, such as ferric oxides and granular activated carbon (GAC), could enhance methane production by direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) (Kato, 2015; Lovley, 2017). Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) production, such as caproic acid (C6, 2000–2500 US $/ton, Bastidas-Oyanedel et al., 2015) and caprylic acid (C8, 3500-3900 US $/ton, https://www.alibaba.com, accessed on 26 Mar 2019) offered higher value than VFAs of acetate and butyrate (Weimer, Nerdahl, & Brandl, 2015). The running cost is as an important factor for the development of TMCF. For example, Cano, Pérez-Elvira, and Fdz-Polanco (2015) compared the energy costs for sludge pretreatments and found that the potential of thermal pretreatment is much higher, because thermal pretreatment could be implemented with other heat sources. Consequently, the perspective in the fields of interspecies direct electron transfer, medium chain fatty acids production, and energy cost assessment are also highlighted in the last section, which may promote the development and worldwide application of TMCF.