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Interface Design: Dynamic Interfaces and Cognitive Resource Management
Published in Pamela Savage-Knepshield, John Martin, John Lockett, Laurel Allender, Designing Soldier Systems, 2018
Thomas W. Davis, Michael Sage Jessee, Anthony W. Morris
How a soldier is coupled to the local constraints provided by the environment shapes how the soldier pursues goals. This coupling in its most basic form describes a mutual and reciprocal energy transaction that soldiers manage. To illustrate, consider a person’s actions when encountering ice on the sidewalk while walking to lunch. Black ice poses a hazard when a pedestrian encounters it on a sidewalk; it interrupts a walker’s grip. Walking is a goal-directed activity that typically accompanies a superseding goal like getting to the diner for lunch. When successfully taking a step, the soles of a walker’s shoes and the surface of the sidewalk grip one another. They fit together to form a relation called “gripping.” Grip is a dispositional property in that it emerges out of the relationship formed between two systems, in this instance, shoe soles and a sidewalk surface. Grip is an essential and taken-for-granted ingredient for successful walking. Simultaneously, the sole of the shoe is pushed in one direction by the force of the leg while the sidewalk’s surface resists, in the opposite direction, the leg’s push. The friction of a grip between the sole of the shoe and the sidewalk surface converts these two pushes into walking. The moral of this story is that grip is the local, emergent constraint between an actor and the environment that black ice can dangerously disrupt. Why? Because black ice is slippery and it does not reliably reflect light so as to inform a walker about the change in the sidewalk’s surface texture. Quickly, a person’s safe passage can be disrupted by unknowingly stepping onto black ice. The intended trip to the diner may be thwarted and an uneventful walk reconsidered.
Impact of air voids and environmental temperature of asphalt concrete on black ice
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Tam Minh Phan, Min-Seok Jang, Jung-Woo Seo, Jae-Hyeong Yoon, Dae-Wook Park, Tri Ho Minh Le
In cool regions, black ice happens when a thin coating of ice is formed on the road surface. Once black ice forms on the road surface, it is difficult to recognise due to its transparent property. Black ice strongly reduces the friction of tyre-road and road surface, thus resulting in dangerous driving (Minh Phan et al., 2021). When black ice happens, the road surface is more slippery, compared to the snow road surface and dry road surface, black ice road is 6 and 14 times more slippery. In South Korea, black ice caused 706 deaths due to car accidents from 2014 to 2018. Meanwhiles, the number of deaths caused by snow was four times lower (Kim Hyun-bin, 2019). Therefore, the detection of black ice and melting black ice are hot topics that attracted many researchers in recent years. An appropriate detection not only improves the concentration of drivers while driving but also provides a fast and effective response to prevent traffic accidents.