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Honey Bee Farming for Sustainable Rural Livelihood
Published in Rohini Prasad, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources, 2021
I. Merlin Kamala, I. Isaac Devanand
Bee wax is used traditionally in many ways. Bee wax is widely used in the preparation of comb foundation sheet, candles, polishes, soaps, ointments, and other show materials. They are widely used in pharmaceutical industries and perfume industries as a major constituent in lipsticks, lip balms, creams, etc., as they better adhere to skin (Mishra, 1995). Bee wax is of great demand all over the world. Bee wax has more than 300 industrial uses. Seventy percent of the world trade of bee wax is accounted by cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, which require first-class bee wax which is light-colored and not overheated. It fetches high price of 4–8 US$ per kg. In some Asian and African countries, bee wax is used for making fabrics and casting of small metal objects. Bee wax is also waterproofing agent for wood and leathers and strengthening the threads. It is also used in the manufacture of CD’s, shoe polishes, furniture, etc.
Bonding agents
Published in Jill L. Baker, Technology of the Ancient Near East, 2018
Beeswax is produced from the eight abdominal glands of worker bees. Initially, the wax is clear, but it becomes more yellowish or brownish in color with the addition of pollens from the worker bees. The temperature in the hive must be 33º to 36º C (91º to 97º F) for the bees to secrete wax (Sanford and Dietz 1976; Ahnert 2015). Through a labor-intensive process, the bees produce the honeycomb, which is harvested to obtain the wax (Ahnert 2015). Beeswax had many uses and was frequently used as a bonding agent, varnish, and as a binder in paint during the early Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt. It was used as a varnish to preserve tomb paintings only between the reigns of Amenhotep I and Amenhotep II in Egypt; however, beeswax has been detected on some mummy portraits (first to fourth centuries ce) in the Fayum region. Because of its adhesive qualities, beeswax was also used in mummification, shipbuilding, bronze casting, the sculpting of figurines, and as a surface coating on writing tablets. Wax was also used to seal lids. For example, the lids of five alabaster vases in the tomb of Tutankhamun were sealed with wax, as were two uraei, and some alabaster vases were affixed to pedestals. Beeswax was also used to hold the plaits of wigs in place (Lucas and Harris 2011:2–3; Newman and Serpico 2009:489–491).
Application of Nanotechnology in the Safe Delivery of Bioactive Compounds
Published in V Ravishankar Rai, Jamuna A. Bai, Nanotechnology Applications in the Food Industry, 2018
Behrouz Ghorani, Sara Naji-Tabasi, Aram Bostan, Bahareh Emadzadeh
Waxes are esters of fatty acids. In contrast to fats and oils, the fatty acids are not esters of glycerol but of higher primary monovalent alcohols. Waxes are practically insoluble in water. The color of beeswax varies from nearly white to brownish. It melts in the range of 62–64°C. Beeswax is compatible with most other waxes and oils, fatty acids, glycerides, and hydrocarbons. Carnauba wax is one of the hardest natural waxes. The melting point is in the range of 78–85°C (typically 83°C). The compatibility with other materials is similar as for beeswax. Candelilla wax is soluble in many organic solvents. It is light brown to light yellow and melts in the range of 67–79°C. It is not as hard as carnauba wax. It is compatible with all vegetable and animal waxes, fatty acids, a large variety of natural and synthetic resins, glycerides, and hydrocarbons in certain proportions, origin, and isolation of waxes. Waxes are isolated from animal and plant products. Beeswax is secreted by young honeybees to construct the honeycomb. Carnauba wax is obtained from the leaves of palm trees preferably in Brazil. Candellila wax is derived from the leaves of the Candelilla shrub, which grows in northern Mexico (Zuidam and Nedovic 2009).
Eco-friendly polyvinyl alcohol/beeswax blend prepared using gamma irradiation for adsorption of cesium ions from an aqueous solution
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
M. I. Aly, M. A. Elhady, E. M. Abu Elgoud, I. M. Mousaa
The main composition of beeswax (BW) as mentioned in the literature mainly consists of a mixture of certain organic esters such as palmitolite, palmitate and oleate in high content and low content of some free fatty alcohols with the chemical formula C15H31COOC30H61 [29–31]. BW has two types one of them with a lower saponification degree is called the European bees wax whereas the second type with a high saponification degree is called the oriental type [32–35].
Experimental performance analysis of beeswax/expanded graphite composite for thermal energy storage in a shell and tube unit
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Abhay Dinker, Madhu Agarwal, Ghanshyam Das Agarwal
Beeswax is mainly made up of fatty acids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, and tetracosanoic acid) along with long-chain alkanes, monoesters, diesters, and hydroxyl-monoesters (Jackson and Eller 2006; Patel, Nelson, and Gibbs 2001) and finds variety of applications in candle manufacture, sculptures, surface coatings of food to prevent moisture loss, and drug coatings for efficient drug delivery (Attama, Schicke, and Miller-Goymann 2006; Perez-Gago et al. 2003; Regert et al. 2006). Being a natural product with desirable properties such as low melting point (60°C68°C), nonreactive, noncorrosive, good latent heat (145–285 kJ/kg), and thermal stability, it is an appropriate PCM. However, the lower thermal conductivity of beeswax (0.27 W/m.K) restricts its use for wider applications (Buchwald, Breed, and Greenberg 2008). Thermal conductivity of PCMs can be improved by the addition of high thermal conductivity materials such as metallic nanoparticles (Ho and Gao 2009; Shrama et al. 2016 ; Li et al. 2016), carbon nanotubes (Fan et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013; Li 2013;), and expanded graphite (Zhang et al. 2013a; Duan et al. 2014; Huang et al. 2014; Xiao, Zhang, and Li 2013). These materials provide a matrix of high thermal conductivity to enhance heat transfer within storage materials. Addition of nanomaterials increases the weight of the system and affects the melting process and natural convection process (Arasu and Mazumdar, 2012; Jesumathy, Udayakumar, and Suresh 2012; Wang et al. 2014). Carbon nanotubes, on the other hand, are lighter in nature and provide a better matrix for heat transfer with high thermal conductivity; however, the cost involved in synthesis and handling is higher (Harish et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2010). Addition of expanded graphite to PCM is a more promising option due to lower-cost synthesis, easy availability, and lighter weight (Zhang et al. 2013b; Fethi et al. 2010; Xia and Zhang 2011; Yang et al. 2014). In some studies to enhance the heat transfer rate, fins were attached to the tubes of the thermal storage unit (TSU), but it was found that addition of fin added bulkiness to the system as well as reduced PCM content of TSU which directly reduced the amount of heat stored (Almsater, Saman, and Bruno 2016; Yang et al. 2016).