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Prospects of Utilization of Various Solid Agro Wastes for Making Value Added Products for Sustainable Development
Published in Gunjan Mukherjee, Sunny Dhiman, Waste Management, 2023
J. Sharon Mano Pappu, Sathyanarayana N. Gummadi
Miscanthus giganteus, a kind of sawgrass, have high lignocellulose yields (Brosse et al. 2012) as its distinguishing feature. Ethanol yield per acre is 5 to 8 times higher when compared to corn. Low input requirement on marginal soil, ability to sequester carbon in soil and capability to yield high bioethanol makes Panicum virgatum, switchgrass, as a model bioenergy crop (Adler et al. 2006). High carbohydrate content (40%–55%) and low lignin content (20%–25%) of Bermuda grass (Conodont dactylon) represents it as a lignocellulose source for bioethanol production. The fast- growing Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) becomes an excellent cheap feedstock due to its high cellulosic fiber content and its ability to produce ample biomass under nitrogen limited condition (Zahran 1999). The fibers obtained from the outer layer of bast crops can be a probable feedstock for bioethanol production as it contains an average cellulose content of 70%–90%. Examples of bast fiber crops include industrial hemp, sun hemp, jute, flax and ramie.
Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
Published in Amit Sachdeva, Pramod Kumar Singh, Hee Woo Rhee, Composite Materials, 2021
C. H. Lee, S. H. Lee, F. N. M. Padzil, Z. M. A. Ainun, M. N. F. Norrrahim, K. L. Chin
Bast fiber is a fibrous material from a plant, in particular the inner bark of a tree. Examples are flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf. Bast fibers are relatively easy to extract, making them the most widely used non-wood lignocellulosic fibers (Peças et al. 2018). Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is normally grown in moderate climates such as those found in France, China, and Belarus (Ramesh 2019). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO ), in 2018, a total area of 240,293 hectares (0.24 billion m2) of flax was harvested worldwide, generating 868,374 ton of flax (FAO 2019). Flax fibers have reinforced various polymer composites but the most suitable polymer for flax fibers is polypropylene, owing to its low density, low thermal expansion, superior water resistance, and ability to be recycled (Van de Velde and Kiekens 2001).
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Natural fibers is a term applied to any flexible filamentous substance with a length that is many times that of the diameter. Natural animal fibers include those of wool and silk. The wool category is sometimes broadened to include alpaca, camel, goat, and mohair fibers. Silk is the only natural fiber that occurs as a continuous filament. The more important vegetable fibers are cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, and sisal. Vegetable fibers are sometimes subdivided according to whether they are derived from the stem, leaf, fruit, or seed of the plant. Flax, hemp, jute, and ramie are classified as bast fibers, obtained from plant stems. Sisal is a leaf fiber. Fruit or seed fibers include cotton, kapok, and the coir fibers of coconut husks.
Biopolymer composites: a review
Published in International Journal of Biobased Plastics, 2021
Basheer Aaliya, Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj, Maximilian Lackner
Depending on the utility, the plant fibers are classified as primary and secondary fibers. Primary fibers are kenaf, hemp, jute, sisal, cotton, etc. which are from the plants that are mainly grown for fibers. Coir, oil palm, pineapple, and banana leaf fibers that are obtained from their respective plants as by-products are called secondary fibers [3]. For the commercial uses, the plant fibers are widely classified on the basis of botanical origin as bast, leaf, seed, fruit, stalk, grass, and wood fibers. Bast fibers are the ones obtained from the stem of a plant (kenaf, hemp, ramie, flax, jute, banana, etc.), leaf fibers (sisal, agave, abaca, PALF (pineapple leaf fibers), curaua, raphia, fique, etc.), seed fibers (coir, cotton, kapok, soya, rice hulls, etc.), fruit fibers (luffa, coir, oil palm, etc.), stalk fibers (rice, wheat, maize, barley, rye, oats, etc.), grass fibers (bamboo, baggase, esparto, elephant grass, canary grass, switchgrass, phragmites, etc.) and wood fibers are mainly softwood and hardwood (rosewood, teak, etc.) [4]. Besides, certain plants possess more than one type of fiber. For instance, kenaf, hemp, flax, and jute have bast as well as core fibers, while coconut, oil palm and agave have both stem and fruit fibers and cereal grains have hull and bast fibers [11]. Among the plant fibers, the bast fibers show excellent modulus of elasticity and flexural strength whereas the leaf fibers show great impact properties [13].
Production of natural bamboo fibers-1: experimental approaches to different processes and analyses
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Bahrum Prang Rocky, Amanda J. Thompson
Conventional chemical methods for extracting bast fibers involve the use of caustic chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), and sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7) (Fu, Li, et al., 2012). This is a straightforward method for extracting fiber but is not an eco-friendly process. In this method, the important properties of bamboo, such as antibacterial properties, strength, and UV protection, cannot be retained. For the bamboo fiber extraction, this type of alkaline process is advantageous due to cheap equipment, low energy consumption, and ability to control the fiber properties. As a result, the price of chemically extracted bamboo fiber is much lower than mechanically or biologically produced fibers (Waite, 2009). However, this process creates waste-water with a high pH which needs to be neutralized by another set of strong chemicals such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is considered one of the best choices for pH control because of its lesser environmental impacts and cost (Phong et al., 2012). In this method, bamboo slabs are cleaved to make slices which are treated with 1–4% NaOH for 7–12 h at 70–80 °C. This is followed by washing, neutralizing and drying to yield final fibers. There are other chemical processes that can be added in combination with a variety of different processing parameters, e.g. temperature, chemical use, time, amount of water, and medium. These decisions are dependent on the end-use of the fiber.