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Whiteware and Glazes
Published in Debasish Sarkar, Ceramic Processing, 2019
Ball clay is generally used in the body composition as it imparts plasticity and workability to the slip. As its name suggests, it is cut into ball-shaped structures during mining and possesses a high percentage of organic mass that leads to plasticity. It is composed of kaolin as its primary mineral, although quartz, feldspar, and mica are present in lesser quantities. Furthermore, the darker shade of ball clay in comparison to china clay is due to higher quantities of impurities such as TiO2 and Fe2O3 (preferably <2.75 wt.%) and carbonaceous materials (should be <2 wt.%). Obviously, such impurities drastically affect the resultant physical properties of the clay. Even though they increase the green strength of the body, however, they decrease the casting thickness and fired strength. The addition of ball clay provides the following properties to the body [3]: Higher plasticity and workability.Higher content providing excessive dry shrinkage because of fine particles.Higher green strength but lower firing strength.Buff-burning ceramic bodies, low maturing and less translucent due to impurities.
Melbourne clay and shale deposits used by the brick, tile and pipe industry
Published in W. A. Peck, J.L. Neilson, R.J. Olds, K.D. Seddon, Engineering Geology of Melbourne, 2018
Erosional stripping of the weathering profiles produced alluvial deposits which have been preserved in some places. At Campbellfield a large southwest trending stream cut a deep valley on the edge of an Older Basalt flow. This was filled with white plastic clay stripped from an older profile possibly granitic in origin. The white plastic clay is as much as 10 metres thick and was deposited on the inside of the meander of the depositing stream. The upper part of the deposit consists of fine sands with clay lenses. It has been used in whiteware, as a ball clay, in foundry clays but predominantly in cream bricks and in pipes.
Mining Methods Vary Widely
Published in Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger, Mining and the Environment, 2019
Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger
Common types of clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals include kaolin, ball clay, bentonite, Fuller’s earth, fire clay, common clay, and shale. Processing of minerals in this category usually entails a combination of crushing, grinding, screening, and shredding to reduce particle size. The cement industry consumes large quantities of clay and limestone, and the occurrence of both raw materials in close proximity is an important criterion for siting of cement plants. A cement producing operation is as much about mining as it is about chemical processing.
Removal of emerging pollutants by clay and clay-nZVI nanocomposites-A review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Geetha Gopal, Amitava Mukherjee
Clay minerals and clays with fine particulate sizes and a porous structure with a large surface area can have excellent physical and chemical interactions with dissolved species. Electrostatic repulsion, crystallinity and adsorption, and complex cation exchange are some of the factors that can impact such interactions. The high bonding strength is shown by highly porous surface areas with good attractive force. Clays are hydrous aluminosilicates consisting of mixtures of minerals of fine-grained clay, other mineral crystals, and metal oxides. Kaolinite is the major component; however, it is also made up of a variety of minerals such as quartz, mica, feldspar, illite, and montmorillonite. Bentonite is predominantly made up of montmorillonite, a smectite-group clay mineral with hydrous magnesium–calcium aluminium silicate structure. It is very colloidal and plastic clay made up of very small particles that are created by in situ devitrification of volcanic ashes. Smectite is the mineral name assigned to the group of silicates, including Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Li–Al. The most widely used minerals within the smectite group are Na-montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite, saponite (Mg), nontronite (Fe), and hectorite (Li). Ball clay, sedimentary clay that is fine-grained and highly porous, consists primarily of kaolinite, mica, and quartz with minimal quantities of organic matter and other minerals.
Role of fly ash in control of alkali induced swelling in kaolinitic soils: a micro-level investigation
Published in International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2018
Sai Kumar Vindula, Rama Vara Prasad Chavali, Hari Prasad Reddy P.
Three kaolinitic soils having varying proportions of kaolinite mineral are considered in the present study. One locally available soil and two synthetic clays are selected. Naturally available red earth (RE) has been collected at a depth of 1.5 m from Warangal, Telangana, India. Commercially available china clay (CC) and ball clay (BC) was purchased from Godavari Mines and Minerals, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ball clay is a kaolinitic sedimentary clay. The major differences between them are particle size. China clay has moderately coarse particles with well-ordered crystallinity, whereas ball clay has a very fine particle size. All the soils are air dried and allowed to pass through 425 μ sieve prior to its use. The physical properties of kaolinitic soils are reported in Table 1.