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Communication systems and network technologies
Published in Kennis Chan, Future Communication Technology and Engineering, 2015
The simulation results demonstrate that the first variant solutions contain antimony at the ratio of 95:5, the second one – zinc, silver, sulphur at 60:40, lead 80:20, and the third one - copper and arsenic at the ratio of 60:40. The iron concentration in all systems is low and approximately equal, i.e. it precipitates from the solution in the form of goethite. The content of host rock elements Si, Al, B, Mg, Na, and K in the modelled solutions is higher in case of a larger host rock share in the models. Axinite destruction contributes to the high boron content in the solution.
Crystal Clear
Published in Sharon Ann Holgate, Understanding Solid State Physics, 2021
The gemstone turquoise and the mineral axinite are among the solids that have the triclinic structure, while horse haemoglobin and the minerals azurite, orthoclase, and gypsum—which has a chemical formula of CaSO4·2H2O and is used as plaster for setting broken bones—are examples of materials that crystallise in the monoclinic structure.
Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Name Acanthite Actinolite Aegirine Akermanite Alabandite Albite Allanite Allemontite Almandine Altaite Aluminite Alunite Amblygonite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Andorite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Ankerite Anorthite Anorthoclase Anthophyllite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Argentite Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Atacamite Augelite Augite Autunite Axinite Azurite Baddeleyite Barite Benitoite Formula Ag2S Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH,F)2 NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS NaAlSi3O8 (Ca,Mn,Ce,La,Y,Th)2(Fe,Ti)(Al,Fe) OOH(Si2O7)(SiO4) SbAs Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al2(SO4)(OH)47H2O KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) NaAl(SiO3)2H2O TiO2 Al2OSiO4 NaAlSi3O8CaAl2Si2O8 PbAgSb3S6 Ca3Fe2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 CaAl2Si2O8 (Na,K)AlSi3O8 Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) KFCa4Si8O208H2O CaCO3 Ag2S As2O3 FeAsS Cu2(OH)3Cl Al2(PO4)(OH)3 (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al)2(Si,Al)2O6 Ca(UO2)2(PO4)210H2O (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BO3Si4O12(OH) Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaSO4 BaTi(SiO3)3 Crystal system orthorhombic monoclinic monoclinic tetragonal cubic triclinic monoclinic hexagonal cubic cubic monoclinic rhombohedral triclinic cubic tetragonal orthorhombic triclinic rhombohedral cubic orthorhombic orthorhombic rhombohedral triclinic triclinic rhombohedral hexagonal tetragonal orthorhombic orthorhombic cubic monoclinic rhombohedral monoclinic monoclinic tetragonal triclinic monoclinic monoclinic orthorhombic rhombohedral /g cm-3 7.2 3.23 3.58 2.94 4.0 2.63 3.8 6.0 4.32 8.16 1.74 2.8 3.1 2.27 4.23 3.15 2.67 2.67 3.86 6.29 2.96 3.0 2.76 2.58 3.21 3.2 2.35 2.83 7.2 3.86 6.1 3.76 2.70 3.38 3.2 3.31 3.77 5.7 4.49 3.65 Hardness 2.3 5.5 6 5.5 3.8 6.3 5.8 3.5 6.8 3 1.5 3.8 5.8 5.5 5.8 7.5 6.3 3.3 6.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 6.3 6 5.8 5 4.8 3.5 2.3 1.5 5.8 3.3 4.8 6 2.3 6.8 3.8 6.5 3.3 6.3 n 1.624 1.763 1.632 1.527 1.75 1.830 1.459 1.572 1.591 1.486 2.488 1.635 1.550 1.887 1.877 1.570 1.529 1.577 1.523 1.645 1.645 1.535 1.531 1.755 1.831 1.574 1.703 1.553 1.684 1.730 2.13 1.636 1.757 1.861 1.576 1.707 1.577 1.691 1.758 2.19 1.637 1.804 1.880 1.588 1.738 1.694 1.838 2.20 1.648 1.464 1.592 1.604 2.561 1.639 1.553 1.470 1.613 n 1.655 1.800 1.640 1.531 1.78 n 1.664 1.815
Effects of various pulse width laser with 1064 nm wavelength on thermal ablation and phase transition of monocrystalline silicon
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2023
Xi Wang, Martin Ehrhardt, Pierre Lorenz, Klaus Zimmer, Fengyun Zhang, Jin Wang, Pingping Wang, Yoshio Hayasaki, Harith Bin Ahmad, Jing Shao, Shufeng Sun
It is difficult to measure online the temperature of silicon center in real time, especially for femtosecond and picosecond lasers; therefore, the rationality of above prediction model is verified by experimentally measuring the ablation threshold. The laser induced ablation threshold is between the melting threshold and vaporization threshold. The schematic diagram of the experiment setup is shown in Figure 6a. It comprises laser, attenuator, shutter, beam expander, reflecting mirror, beam splitter, and objective lens. Femtosecond laser (Bellin Axinite IR), picosecond laser (Bellin Amber IR), nanosecond laser (IPG YLPN-1-100-200-R), and millisecond laser (Beamtech Melar-50) were adopted as the laser sources. All of the laser wavelengths were 1064 nm, the laser beams were Gaussian distribution, and the beam modes were TEM00 (M2 < 1.3). The laser frequencies were used at 1 Hz for ablation threshold measurement. The number of laser pulses incident on the target material was controlled using a Newport® electronic shutter.