China
Africa
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Design for the Circular Economy
Published in Rachel Beth Egenhoefer, Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Design, 2017
Ruud Balkenende, Nancy Bocken, Conny Bakker
Recycling is therefore currently mainly driven by regulations enforcing the recovery of materials from particular classes of products. To increase the business potential of recycling, interventions in the value network are required (Rahimifard et al. 2009). Possible interventions in the areas of business, government regulations, collaboration and society have been identified through in-depth value network analysis (Balkenende et al. 2014). This resulted in a set of potential interventions, which are listed in Table 36.1. Implementation is often strongly dependent on a specific stakeholder, though the impact affects the whole value network. As an additional complication, the benefits of particular measures do often not coincide with the required effort, thus limiting the incentive to implement actual innovations. The suitability, feasibility and acceptability throughout the network of these interventions needs further investigation. Currently, regulations remain to be the strongest driver for improving on the recyclability of products (see e.g. the directives for waste electrical and electronic equipment and for end-of-life vehicles (European Union 2000; European Union 2012)).
COVALENT, a method for co-designing value exchange in community-centred design
Published in CoDesign, 2018
Yoonyee Pahk, James Self, Joon Sang Baek
Within marketing and business, win–win strategies or symbiosis have been increasingly emphasised in the context of corporate social innovation and sustainability. Related studies focus on theories and tools (MindTools 2017; Porter and Kramer 2011; Lenssen et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2014). For instance, value network analysis or value stream maps are used to analyse the current state of a value network and explore new opportunities (Allee 2008; Martin and Osterling 2014). Relevant to the design of mutually beneficial service systems, these studies provide useful theoretical and methodological approaches if combined with service co-design.