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Crude Oil Refining—Part 1
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
Well, in the transformation of raw materials (crude oil); and in the presence of energy (heat) to produce finished products, three modes of transfer are encountered in this process. They are known as:Momentum Transfer (fluid flow), using a pump.Heat Transfer of oil, using heat exchangers and a furnace.Mass Transfer through the distillation column that leads to the separation of crude oil into different cuts (transfer is due to molecular diffusion of the components that separates the light from heavy). The physical operations (known as unit operations) and shown above in the example are: fluid flow, heat transfer, and distillation. Unit operations deal chiefly with the transfer of energy and the transfer, separation, and conditioning of materials by physical means.
Feedstock Integration in the Refinery
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Reaction engineering integrated the reaction and kinetic phenomena, including catalysis, with transport processes in the areas of reactor design, scale-up, and commercial operation. The complex mixtures of hydrocarbon derivatives that constitute most refinery-process feedstocks generally required lumping to handle the problem analytically and computationally. Furthermore, automation and control enabled the optimization of unit-operation and economic performance. It coupled automatic closed-loop control technology with on-line sensors and analyzers and dynamic process models. More recently, real-time rigorous economic optimization has been applied to determine optimal set points of dynamic process control to achieve even higher levels of operational optimization.
Basic Concepts: Chemical Processes and Unit Operations
Published in Victor H. Edwards, Suzanne Shelley, Careers in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2018
Victor H. Edwards, Suzanne Shelley
The terms chemical process, chemical processing, and chemical process industries (CPI) are frequently used throughout this book. So, what is a chemical process? (see Figure 4.1) A chemical process is a combination of steps in which starting materials are converted into desired products using equipment and conditions that facilitate that conversion (Solen and Harb 2012).A unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve either a physical change, such as evaporation, filtration or crystallization, or a chemical transformation, such as polymerization, isomerization or oxidation.
Mechanistic model-based control of biodiesel production processes: a review of needs and scopes
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Rasheed O. Kelani, Zainal Ahmad, Dipesh Patle
The design of the biodiesel production process involves equipment sizing and process flowsheet design. Process flowsheet contains unit operations employed in a process and how they are connected to transport materials as they are formed, separated, and purified at various operating conditions with design parameters. Operating and design parameters, including theoretical stage, reflux ratio, boil-up ratio, condenser and reboiler energy duties, molar alcohol to oil ratio, reaction temperature etc., are considered. The unit operations involved are reactors, distillation columns, dryers, heat exchangers, filters, mixers and separators. The number of unit operations employed depends on the feedstock, chemical route applied, cost, and energy consumption. For instance, feedstocks with high free fatty acids (FFAs) contents need pretreatment if alkali-catalyzed but not with an acid catalyst; an acid catalyst is insensitive to FFAs (Zhang et al. 2003). In their study, four different biodiesel production processes were designed. The alkali-catalyzed process that used waste cooking oil with high contents of FFAs was shown to require more unit operations because of the necessity of a pretreatment unit consisting of an esterification reactor, glycerin washing column, and methanol distillation column.
A Simple Solution for Heat Transfer in a Triple Tube Heat Exchanger
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2022
Sávio L. Bertoli, Richard Tribess, Natalia de Souza, Carolina K. de Souza, Mercedes G. R. Reiter, Marcel Jefferson Gonçalves
Industrial processes are composed of unit operations arranged in order to transform inputs into value-added products. Unit operations aimed at a heating or cooling fluid or mixtures have the highest energy demand. In these unit operations, heat exchangers are generally used, which can be made of different materials and arranged in different ways.