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Environmental protection measures
Published in Peter Roberts, Electrical Installation Work, 2017
It is inevitable that rubbish will be produced on a construction site, but it must be disposed of through a properly devised process. Most packaging material other than cardboard should be skipped, along with all the off-cuts of conduit, trunking and tray that cannot be reused. It is worth remembering that thermoplastic material can be reused, but thermosetting cannot. General waste and site debris will probably go into the same skip and a registered waste carrier company will dispose of the skip contents within a designated local council landfill area or waste disposal site. Only registered waste disposal companies will be given licences for this type of work and will require a waste transfer note. Remember, sending material to a landfill site is the least favoured option. As shown in Fig 3.12, landfill is a last resort.
C&G Unit 201/501: Health and safety in building services engineering
Published in Trevor Linsley, Advanced Electrical Installation Work, 2019
We have said many times in this book so far that having a good attitude to health and safety, working conscientiously and neatly, keeping passageways clear and regularly tidying up the workplace is the sign of a good and competent craftsman. But what do you do with the rubbish that the working environment produces? Well, all the packaging material for electrical fittings and accessories usually goes into either your employer’s skip or the skip on-site designated for that purpose. All the offcuts of conduit, trunking and tray also go into the skip. In fact, most of the general site debris will probably go into the skip and the waste disposal company will take the skip contents to a designated local council landfill area for safe disposal.
Macro and microstructural characterisation of waste foundry sand reused as aggregate
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Paulo Paiva Oliveira Leite Dyer, Luis Miguel Gutierrez Klinsky, Silvelene Alessandra Silva, Rodrigo Alves e Silva, Maryangela Geimba de Lima
For the WFS obtained directly from industrial by-products, sampling took place in the same sanitary landfill, but in this case, the residue was in the waste transfer station (where it normally stays before being grounded). At this site, the waste is received from local steel industries surrounding the landfill and stored in a skip hire as shown in Figure 3. Similarly, to WFS-1, one of these containers was chosen at random and the WFS was sieved to produce a pile for the sampling methodology (ASTM D6009, 2012). This WFS is herein identified as “WFS-2”.
Development of a novel spoke structure of non-pneumatic tires for skid-steer loaders using finite element analysis
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Ravivat Rugsaj, Chakrit Suvanjumrat
In this section, the performance of the NPT with the proposed X-shaped polygonal spoke structure was compared with NPTs with different spoke structures. Four types of spoke structures were selected for this study as follows: (1) type A proposed X-shaped polygonal spoke structure, (2) type B isolated curve spoke structure, (3) type C hexagonal honeycomb spoke structure, and (4) type D auxetic honeycomb spoke structure. Three types of spoke structures were chosen for comparison with the X-shaped spoke structure because they were recently discovered and manufactured. The maximum vertical stiffness and minimum local stress at the spokes define the good performance indicators of the skip-steer loader’s tire. The FE models of the NPT with different spoke structures are shown in Fig. 19. These FE models used the same mesh for the tread and shear band components to ensure that the overall dimensions were the same. These spoke structure models varied in thickness to yield the same spoke weight as the X-shaped polygonal spoke of 24 spokes and a thickness of 6 mm. The FEA of the vertical stiffness testing of the NPTs was performed using the same boundary conditions as in the previous section. A comparison of the stress and deformation of the NPTs with different spoke structures is shown in Fig. 20. Force and displacement were used to calculate the vertical stiffness. The estimated vertical stiffness and maximum local stress at the spoke of the NPT with different spoke structures are summarized in Table 8. It was found that the spoke structure type A yielded the highest vertical stiffness value owing to its higher ability to distribute the load uniformly along its circumference. It can better observe the uniform stress distribution of the enhancing polygonal structure than other spoke structures. This indicated the higher carrying load ability of the NPT with the X-shaped polygonal spoke structure. In addition, it also reduces the vertical displacement of the center of rotation of the tire and less overall vibration while driving, which should be a significant concern in the development of a comfortable NPT. It also supported an interesting design principle of a spoke structure in which each region along the spoke’s circumference should share the load distribution. The balanced regions were the compressive region on the contacting side and the tensile region on the supporting side. These were the lower and upper portions of the spoke structure, respectively. These can only be obtained by carefully balancing all the geometric parameters and the spoke thickness to appropriate values.