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Surface Coal Mining with Reclamation
Published in Mritunjoy Sengupta, Environmental Impacts of Mining, 2021
It is easy to segregate spoil materials when this method is used. First, the dozer pushes all soil down to the loader, which loads it into haul trucks. Typical truck capacity is 35–50 tons. Usually, two trucks work with one loader. The soil is hauled back a relatively long distance and is placed on top of graded soil. Next, the bulk of the remaining overburden is pushed down to the loader, loaded into the trucks, hauled back, and placed against the highwall. Finally, the overburden directly overlying the coal seam is loaded, hauled back, and placed on the pit floor near the highwall, where it subsequently will be covered with other spoil. Not all mine operators use this method, but it may not be expensive to do so.
Flow over Immersed Bodies
Published in William S. Janna, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, 2020
A truck having a round-edged trailer like that shown in Figure 6.27 travels 80,000 mi/year and averages 5.1 mi/(gal of fuel). Diesel fuel costs $2.16/gal. Calculate the yearly cost of fuel to run the vehicle. Calculate the yearly cost of fuel to run the vehicle if it has a fairing attached. Calculate the yearly cost of fuel to run the vehicle if it has a fairing and a gap seal attached.
Drinking ten bathtubs of water a day
Published in Arjen Y. Hoekstra, The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society, 2019
In addition to the inputs that can be directly associated with our beverage, there are other inputs into the bottling plant that can be considered as a sort of overhead. Overhead inputs include all construction materials and machineries used in the factory, office equipment, cleaning equipment, kitchen equipment, working clothes used by employees, transportation and energy for heating and power. This list can be extended further, but we will have to limit ourselves to the inputs that are probably most relevant from a water footprint point of view. Here, we will consider the following overhead inputs: the concrete and steel used in the factory and machineries, the paper, gas and electricity used within the plant and the vehicles and fuel used for transport. These inputs cannot be solely attributed to the production of our cola beverage, because the bottling plant also produces other beverages. The overhead inputs of the bottling plant are distributed over the various products produced in the plant based on the relative value per product. The amounts of the overhead inputs are specified in Table 4.2. For paper and energy use in the factory and transportation fuels, annual amounts are given. For construction materials and vehicles, total amounts are given with a specification of the lifespan of the totals. The lifespan can be used to calculate annual figures from the totals. For the vehicles, it is assumed that the average lifespan of a truck is ten years. The value of the 0.5-litre PET-bottles of cola is 10 per cent of the total value of products produced in the factory. Therefore, 10 per cent of the total overhead water footprint of the factory will be allocated to our product. The annual production is 30 million bottles per year, so the overhead water footprint per bottle is found by dividing the overhead water footprint, insofar as it is allocated to our product, by 30 million.
Assessing environmental impacts of ad-hoc truck platooning on multilane freeways
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2021
Apoorba Bibeka, Praprut Songchitruksa, Yunlong Zhang
Browand, McArthur, and Radovich (2004) evaluated the effect of spacing between two truck on fuel consumption. The authors considered five truck spacings: 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 m. The results showed that platooning reduced fuel consumption and the spacing did not have a huge effect on fuel savings. Also, trucks can achieve an average fuel saving of 8% at 6–10 m spacing and at an average speed of 88.53 kmph (55 mph).