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Renewable energy technologies for greenhouses in semi-arid climates
Published in Jochen Bundschuh, Guangnan Chen, D. Chandrasekharam, Janusz Piechocki, Geothermal, Wind and Solar Energy Applications in Agriculture and Aquaculture, 2017
Francisco Javier Cabrera, Jorge Antonio Sánchez-Molina, Guillermo Zaragoza, Manuel Pérez-García, Francisco Rodríguez-Díaz
The semi-arid climate, which exists in various locations around the world, is characterized by low annual precipitation (200–400 mm year-1 $ ^{ - 1} $ ) and consequently high solar radiation availability (Verheye, 2006). This solar radiation availability for photosynthesis, together with warm summers and mild temperatures in winter, means greenhouses in these regions generally perform well, provided that crop water requirements are met by local underground resources1 and using optimized irrigation systems. In these zones, low thermal loads are required during the winter to reach optimal temperatures inside the greenhouse; this is thanks to the confinement effect, resulting from the decrease in air exchange with the outside environment, and the low transparency to far infrared radiation (emitted by the crop, the soil and the inner greenhouse elements) and high transparency to sunlight (Castilla and Baeza, 2013). During the summer, especially in the Mediterranean and tropical areas where the inside temperature can exceed the recommended maximum threshold levels, indoor conditions can be controlled by passive means, such as the use of openings in the cladding for natural ventilation.
Reliability-based optimization in climate-adaptive design of embedded footing
Published in Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2023
Vahidreza Mahmoudabadi, Nadarajah Ravichandran
The first case study was situated in Victorville, California (CA), which was selected due to its semi-arid climate condition with an Aridity index (AI) of 0.43. The general subsurface soil condition of this site mostly contains Adelanto Loam. The SWCC parameters and basic soil properties of the site were taken from the report provided by Zhang (2010) and Chowdhury (2006), respectively.