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Asian Monsoon
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Atmosphere and Climate, 2020
The region affected by the monsoon system, the so-called monsoon Asia, supports the largest population on Earth, being home to 3.6 billion people. Almost all aspects of societal and economic activities in monsoon Asia are critically dependent on the monsoon climate and its variability. It has direct impacts on water resources, air quality, and occurrence of climate-related disasters and indirectly on agriculture, industry, health, urban life, and ecosystem services. Monsoon rainfall provides the major water resources for the region to support human beings and ecosystems, especially in the development of agriculture. Related to high variability of climate, the monsoon Asia region is
Surface water and the atmosphere
Published in Ian Acworth, Investigating Groundwater, 2019
The ITCZ moves north and south with the seasons. The monsoon is caused when the flow of wind between the ocean and the land is reversed due to the movement of the ITCZ. Darwin experiences monsoon rainfall when the ITCZ is located over northern Australia during the period December to March.
Ocean Environment/Sea States
Published in Sukumar Laik, Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production, 2018
The prevailing winds are affected by monsoons, large seasonal wind systems that reverse direction in the winter and summer months. Monsoons are caused by large temperature differences between land and sea. Land surfaces have faster rates of heating and cooling and greater variation of temperatures than water surfaces. Land areas are high in pressure in the winter and low in pressure in the summer.
Assessing the Indus Waters Treaty from a comparative perspective
Published in Water International, 2018
Global climate change will significantly impact the Indus basin’s freshwater resources, compounding the many water stresses facing the region. Global warming threatens to upset the prevailing regional precipitation patterns, shuffling the seasonal timing and geographical distribution of the rain and snow that sustain the basin’s water supplies. Fully half of the precipitation nourishing the region falls during the summer monsoon (Rajbhandari et al., 2015). Climate change will disrupt key monsoon drivers such as the moisture content of the atmosphere and temperature contrasts between the ocean and the neighbouring land surface, stirring fears that global warming could scramble the monsoon regime. Similarly, more than any other major river system, the Indus depends on the mountain glaciers surrounding its headwaters. Seasonal snow and ice meltwater contributes 35–50% of the Indus’ total flow (Savoskul & Smakhtin, 2013). As climate change lifts temperatures and skews precipitation patterns, Himalayan glaciers are receding. Recent analyses estimate that Indus Basin glaciers annually shed 7 billion metric tonnes of ice in 2003–2008 (Kääb, Treichler, Nuth, & Berthier, 2015). Initially, increased melting could boost river flows, exacerbating flood risks. As deglaciation continues, meltwater flows will wane, diminishing the downstream supplies available for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, hydropower, industry and ecosystems (National Research Council, 2012).
Development of flood susceptibility map using a GIS-based AHP approach: a novel case study on Idukki district, India
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2023
Zohaib Ahmed Khan, Bharat Jhamnani
India experiences a monsoon season spanning from June to September, wherein the country receives a substantial quantum of precipitation. Monsoons play a crucial role in facilitating agricultural practices; however, they can result in an overabundance of precipitation and consequent inundation (Saha et al. 2021). A number of regions in India are susceptible to flooding owing to various factors including but not limited to intense precipitation, insufficient drainage infrastructure, deforestation, urbanisation and suboptimal land utilisation practices. The management of floods in India is faced with additional challenges due to the effects of climate change and the swift process of urbanisation (Neumann et al. 2015). The alteration of precipitation distribution, increased magnitude of precipitation occurrences and intrusion upon indigenous water reservoirs intensify the susceptibility to flooding. The implementation of sustainable water management practices, resilient infrastructure, land-use regulations and long-term planning are essential. Several regions in India are highly susceptible to flooding, including Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka (Parthasarathy et al. 2021). Annually, floods in India have a significant impact on a vast number of individuals, reaching into the millions. Natural hazards have the potential to cause fatalities, displace communities, inflict harm on residential structures, devastate crops, impede transportation and communication infrastructure and propagate waterborne illnesses. The groups that are most susceptible to adverse impacts are those that are marginalised and reside in regions with low elevation or in close proximity to river banks (Abijith and Saravanan 2021). The occurrence of floods in India has noteworthy economic implications. The adverse consequences of this phenomenon extend to the structural integrity of various forms of infrastructure, including roads, bridges, railways and buildings, resulting in significant economic repercussions. The inundation of fields due to flooding can have a detrimental impact on the agriculture sector, leading to the destruction of crops and livestock, which in turn can have adverse effects on food production and the livelihoods of those involved in the industry. Industries situated in regions susceptible to flooding also encounter interruptions to their operations (Pramanick et al. 2022). The Indian government, at both the central and state levels, has been engaged in the development of flood management strategies and disaster response mechanisms. The endeavours encompass the establishment of flood control infrastructure, such as embankments, dams and reservoirs, along with the implementation of early-warning systems, rescue operations and relief measures for impacted communities. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) are pivotal entities in the realm of disaster preparedness and response (Parthasarathy et al. 2021).