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Real-Time Clock and Interface rotocol Programming
Published in A. Arockia Bazil Raj, FPGA-Based Embedded System Developer's Guide, 2018
This section explains the interfacing and programming of the DS12887 RTC chip. It also describes the pin details, functionalities, programming of special registers, and interfacing digital architecture of the DS12887. The alarm and square wave features of the DS12287 are also touched upon. The RTC is a popular device that provides an accurate time and date, that is, calendar components, such as hour, minute, second, year, month, day, and leap-year compensation, for many applications. Many computers, such as the x86 IBM PC, come with such a chip on the motherboard. Although some processors come with an internal RTC embedded in the processor chip, we have to interface with the external RTC chip for many applications. The RTC chip uses an internal battery that keeps the time and date updated even when the main power is off. The DS12887 uses an internal lithium battery to keep operating for over 10 years in the absence of external power. All the above information is provided by the RTC chip in both binary (hex) and BCD formats. The pin details and a simple way of configuring the DS12887 to the FPGA are shown in Figure 8.1.
Connectivity
Published in Chandrasekar Vuppalapati, Building Enterprise IoT Applications, 2019
Source: https://www.dhgate.com/product/altera-cyclone-iv-ep4ce6-fpga-development/392819262.htmlPIT (programmable interrupt timer): Intel 8253/8254 chipsets with a configurable frequency in range 18.2 Hz–1.2 MHz. This uses a 16-bit counter.RTC (Real-time clock). Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator with a frequency of 32,768 Hz.
Analog-to-Digital and Real-Time Clocks
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Embedded Systems Circuits and Programming, 2017
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
In the context of microcontrollers and embedded systems, real-time clocks (also called RTCs) are integrated circuits designed to keep track of time in conventional hours, that is, in years, days, hours, minutes, and seconds. Many real-time clock ICs are available with various characteristics, data formats, modes of operation, and interfaces. Most of the ones used in PIC circuits have a serial interface in order to save access ports. Most RTC chips provide a battery connection so that time can be kept when the system is turned off.
Real-time control of stormwater detention basins as an adaptation measure in mid-size cities
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2018
Karine Bilodeau, Geneviève Pelletier, Sophie Duchesne
Since traditional detention basin performance for removing sediments and limiting peak flows is not optimal, the static operation of stormwater basins can be changed to a dynamic operation by controlling, in real-time, the opening of the outlet gate. The discharge rate, as well as the filling and emptying rates and volumes, can be controlled in real-time according to pre-established rules and weather and/or hydraulic conditions. This is called real-time control (RTC). As mentioned by Kerkez et al. (2016), adapting existing infrastructures redesigns the system instantaneously and permits an optimal use for storage basins which are limited in volume and space (Emerson, Welty, and Traver 2005; Mrowiec, Kisiel, and Malmur 2008; Farrell, Perdikaris, and Scheckenberger 2009; Mullapudi, Wong, and Kerkez 2017). This kind of technology, which implies the automatic closing of a gate, is well-known for reducing combined sewer overflows by optimizing the storage capacity of the system (refer to Schutze et al. 2003 for additional information on this technology). Control of the RTC process can be implemented by means of hardware components including sensors which monitor the process evolution, actuators which influence the process, controllers which adjust actuators to achieve minimal deviations of the controlled process variable from its desired value (set-point) and communication systems that transmit data between those different devices (Schutze et al. 2003).
Run-time optimisation of sewer remote control systems using genetic algorithms and multi-criteria decision analysis: CSO and energy consumption reduction
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2020
Emanuele Bonamente, Loris Francesco Termite, Alberto Garinei, Lorenzo Menculini, Marcello Marconi, Emanuele Piccioni, Lorenzo Biondi, Gianluca Rossi
One useful way to deal with such conditions is real-time control (RTC). RTC aims at controlling or reacting to events within specific timing constraints. In other words, good operation of RTC systems not only depends on the correctness but also on the timing, as they must be able to keep up with external events (Gambier 2004). The potential of RTC systems is widely demonstrated in the literature as they are proposed for a number of different purposes, including, among others, monitoring of the water distribution network (Van Daal-Rombouts et al. 2017), waste-water treatment plant inflow (Seggelke et al. 2005), combined sewer overflow (CSO) mitigation (Nielsen et al. 2007), chemical dosing to reduce sewer corrosion (Li et al. 2019), and pollution monitoring (Bauser et al. 2010).