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Design of Tools to Make Gear Teeth
Published in Stephen P. Radzevich, Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, 2021
The power required to punch gears depends primarily on the cross-sectional area to be sheared. As a rule of thumb, the tonnage capacity of the punching machine should equal at least twice the force calculated as the product of the shear area times the ultimate shear strength. For instance, a 1-in. gear of 1/32-in. thickness would have a shear area at the teeth of about 2.5 × n × 1 in. × 1/32 in., or 0.245 in.2. If the material was steel with 60,000-psi shear strength, a press of about 15 tons capacity would be needed to cut the teeth. Additional power would be required if the gear had a large bore to be cut. All sizes of punching machines up to as large as 2000 tons are on the market. Figure 17.28 shows an example of a gear punching tool.
Design of Tools to Make Gear Teeth
Published in Stephen P. Radzevich, Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, 2016
The power required to punch gears primarily depends on the cross-sectional area to be sheared. As a rule of thumb, the tonnage capacity of the punching machine should be equal to at least twice the force calculated as the product of the shear area times the ultimate shear strength. For instance, a 1 in. gear of 132 in. thickness would have a shear area at the teeth of about 2.5 × n × 1 in. × 132 in., or 0.245 in.2. If the material was steel with 60,000 psi shear strength, a press of about 15-ton capacity would be needed to cut the teeth. Additional power would be required if the gear had a large bore to be cut. All sizes of punching machines up to as large as 2000 tons are on the market. Figure 11.28 shows an example of a gear punching tool.
Implementation and effect estimation by Taguchi orthogonal array design for Metoprolol Sustained Release Tablets
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Harekrishna Roy, Balaji Maddiboyina, Shaik Abdul Rahaman, Pravind Kumar Singh, Amit Kumar Tripathi, Shani Kumar Srivastava, Raghvendra Chaubey, Vinay Kumar Theendra, Kameswara Rao Sankula
Wet granulation was used to create nine tablet formulations, as indicated by Taguchi’s orthogonal array design. Metoprolol tartrate and additional polymers, such as METHOCEL K15M, HPMC K 100, pectin, and Guar gum, were weighed precisely and ground into a fine powder using a motor and pestle. By adding 5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a binder, a moist mass is created. The moist mixture was passed through sieve No. 18 to create granules, which were then dried in a 40° C hot air oven until the granules were completely dry. The particles were then compacted with an 8 mm punch on a rotary punching machine [17]. The produced tablets were assessed for hardness, swelling index, and the percentage of drug release at 6 h and 12 h in order to identify potential excipients for future screening.
Layered nonwoven filter embodied with packing density gradient measured by X-ray computed tomography for enhanced filtration performance
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Therefore, to support the proposed hypothesis of fibre packing, the phenomenon of resistance against movement to needle barbs developed due to fibre-to-fibre friction during the needle punching process is taken into consideration. The mechanical energy provided by the needle punching machine gets translated into punching force. The applied punching force overcomes the resistance developed by fibre-to-fibre friction. Therefore, the punching force becomes an important measure of fibre transfer and batt consolidation. The punching force is in action from the moment needles touch the top surface of batt until the penetration of needles is completed and they are pulled out of batt. Accordingly, the cycle of punching force starts from the zero value and it attains to the maximum force when the needle reaches penetration depth and then come back to again to the zero value once pulled out of the batt structure.
Buckling characteristics of externally pressurised toroidal shell
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020
Y. Zhu, B. Chen, B. Zhao, X. Zhao, W. Tang, X. Wang
Four stainless steel toroidal pressure shells were manufactured for testing, and each pressure shell was welded using four 90° standard elbows. The 90° standard elbow uses a 304 stainless steel plate with a nominal thickness of 1.5 mm as the raw material. First, the flat plate is punched into a flat unrolled specimen of the elbow using a punching machine, and then the sample is punched into a 90° center angle curved structure using a punching machine. The punching machine is employed to punch the 90° arc structure 360° to form the initial model of the elbow. Finally, the interface is welded with the welding wire and the inner and outer surfaces are polished to make a standard elbow of 51 * 1.5 − 90°.