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Plastic Optics
Published in Anees Ahmad, Handbook of Optomechanical Engineering, 2017
The advantage of embossing, particularly roller embossing, is the speed of production and low cost of the embossed film. Once the master pattern for the roller has been produced, large quantities of film can be run through the roller system. This results in cost of the film being produced for less than pennies per square centimeter. The rolls of film can be ordered and cut to size as needed for a given product.
The Rolled Strip – Its Properties and Further Processing
Published in William L. Roberts, Cold Rolling of Steel, 2017
Applications of embossed metals are found in appliances, TV sets, radios, automotive scuff plates, dashboard panels, and interior and exterior trim. In architecture, it is becoming an important design element in siding, roofing, and curtain wall panels.
Microlens array through induction-aided hot embossing: fabrication, optimization, and characterization
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Swarup S. Deshmukh, Arjyajyoti Goswami
At the lower side, PMMA polymer substrate of 2 mm thickness is positioned over the diamond-polished steel plate having diameter of 175 mm, thickness 50 mm and surface roughness (Ra) of 0.03 μm. The diamond polishing of the lower steel plate was done to remove the scratches present on the steel plate and thus, to prevent its replication on the backside of the polymer substrate during embossing. This ensures that the optical performance of the embossed micro-lens array is not affected by any surface imperfections on the steel plate. In addition, polishing of the steel plate maintains the flatness of the surface over which the polymer substrate is placed. This diamond polished steel plate is heated through the inductive coil fitted inside the steel plate. The cooling channel is provided in the upper steel plate and bottom diamond polished steel plate to cool the steel plates during the de-embossing stage. For cooling, water is passed across the steel plates from a cooling water tank. Two small submersible water pumps of 18-watt with a rating of 180–240 volt are used to pump the cooling water in steel plates during the de-embossing stage.
Recent developments in hot embossing – a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Swarup S. Deshmukh, Arjyajyoti Goswami
Among all these feedstocks, WC-Co feedstock required more mixing torque during the mixing operation. This more mixing torque was due to a higher density of WC-CO powder particles (9.74 g/cm3) as compared to stainless steel-316 L (7.90 g/cm3) and Fe-Ni8% (7.93 g/cm3). The WC-Co powder particles have irregular shape and size, and it also has close packing and a tendency to agglomerate. As a result of this, WC-Co powder has more viscosity as compared to others. Due to higher viscosity, the WC-Co feedstock could not completely fill the mold cavities throughout this hot embossing process. Consequently, the embossed micro-patterns exhibit higher surface roughness compared to stainless steel-316 L and Fe-Ni8% feedstock. The embossed and sintered micro-fluidic mold of stainless steel-316 L feedstock is illustrated in Figs. 38 (a, b), respectively.
Modeling and Seismic Response Analysis of Italian Code-Conforming Single-Storey Steel Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2018
Fabrizio Scozzese, Giusy Terracciano, Alessandro Zona, Gaetano Della Corte, Andrea Dall’Asta, Raffaele Landolfo
In addition to the bare-frame models of the considered case studies, models incorporating the nonlinear behavior of the cladding panels were developed. The sandwich panel used in the considered case studies corresponds to type A tested by [De Matteis and Landolfo, 2000]. It has in-plane dimensions 1000 × 2500 × 40 mm and is made of external embossed 0.6 mm thickness steel sheets with small stiffening ribs and an insulating polyurethane core. The number of panels employed in each case study varies, because of the different geometries. For example, a schematic representation of the cladding panel distribution is given in Figure 5(a) and 6(a) for the longitudinal and transverse façades, respectively. It is worth to note that the cladding panels in the longitudinal direction do not cover the entire façade of the building, but they extend up to the crane support level, leaving the whole upper field free for ribbon windows.