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Life-Cycle Assessment of Biofuels Produced from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Algae
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Defining the system boundaries is crucial for defining the objective of LCA and assessments performed by attributional or consequential methodologies. In attributional methodology, supply-chain interactions are used to correlate the production rate of a product and the GHG emissions associated with the process. The consequential methodology illustrates the change in GHG emissions with respect to the change in demand for a product and it indicates the direct and indirect effects within a system boundary. During LCA, optimization of production factors and maximization of profit and availability of resources are important. Production factors include goods related to land, labor, and capital that are used for production. Land includes flora, fauna, water, air, soil, and minerals. Labour includes manpower—the number of people available as labours in a province or country. Capital includes constructions, trucks, machinery, and equipment for the process.
Production Lines
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Fibers and Integrated Photonic Devices, 2017
Single production lines are an industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for the continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations. An assembly line is designed by determining the sequences of operations for the manufacture of each component as well as the final product. Figure 2.3 shows an example of an assembly station in a single production line. Each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible, with no cross-flow, bottleneck, or backtracking. Work assignments, the number of machines, and production rates are arranged so that all operations performed along the line are compatible. Single production lines are one of the mass production methods, which reduce lead cost along with increased quantity and quality. The requirements for mass production of a particular product include the existence of a market large enough to justify a big investment in building a production line. The floor plan of a mass production line ensures minimized material handling time, reduced manpower, the use of automated machines, repetitive steps, continuous flow of work spaces, and tools or jigs designed specifically for the tasks to be performed.
Drip and Surface Irrigation Methods: Irrigation Scheduling Of Onion, Cauliflower, and Tomato
Published in Ajai Singh, Megh R. Goyal, Micro Irrigation Engineering for Horticultural Crops, 2017
Thus for water resource and management, water crop production functions can play an important role in both production decisions and policy analysis. A production function, which mathematically or graphically represents the relationship between inputs and outputs in a production process, serves as a basis for describing and predicting the expected output from a specified level of inputs. Production function for irrigated agricultural crops can be determined directly from experiments, from statistical analysis of secondary data, or intricately by mathematical simulation models. Simulation models can be readily adapted to specific soil and climatic conditions, and to provide a flexible and relatively inexpensive method of producing production functions for varying local condition.
Automation and Control of a Multi-feedstock Biodiesel Production Plant
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ilesanmi Daniyan, Lanre Daniyan, Adefemi Adeodu, Felix Ale
In addition, through automation of the biodiesel plant, mass production can be achieved on a continuous basis. Although the initial cost of setting up a mass production plant on a continuous basis is usually high but the cost can be offset through economies of scale. Economies of scale can ensure a proportionate cost saving achieved through increased production levels. By scaling the operations, cost advantages can be achieved through the volume of output produced per unit of time. An increase in the production scale may cause a decrease in the production cost per unit of output. Thus, for a biodiesel plant designed to have a total output capacity of 200 litres per day; it is more suitable for production to be done in mass and continuously. The automation of production systems will promote improved economies of scale with a reduction in the production cost per unit because of mass production [13,14].
Combining lean and agile manufacturing competitive advantages through Industry 4.0 technologies: an integrative approach
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2023
Bingjie Ding, Xavier Ferràs Hernández, Núria Agell Jané
Many tools are utilized in assessing and improving lean manufacturing activities, among which the most common ones are Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Hoshin Kanri and planning, Lean Office, Lean Metrics, Push and Pull systems, Kaizen events, Visual control and management, 5S, Jidoka – automation, Kanban and Total productive maintenance (Chiarini 2011). A large number of studies have shown a positive effect of these lean practices on operational, financial, and environmental performance (Negrão, Filho, and Marodin 2017; Vinodh, Kumar, and Vimal 2014; Alcaraz et al. 2014). Lean manufacturing focuses on eliminating waste to improve processes, speed up the production time, and deliver the quantity demanded by the customer. Lean manufacturing relies on the optimization of processes and inventory to reduce manufacturing time, which leads to better utilization of resources and time and eventually results in quality production at the lowest cost for manufacturing organizations (Potdar, Routroy, and Behera 2017).
Climate and the productive structure of the urban water industry
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Lucas Vitor de Carvalho Sousa, Marcelo de Oliveira Torres
Where represents the variable cost elasticity with respect to water production (Yw) and the level of wastewater collected (Yef). If there are economies of scale, meaning that the firm can benefit from an increase in its quantity produced of one or both outputs, since a rise in production entails less than a proportional increase on cost. On the other hand, , the water firm is operating under diseconomies of scale, indicating that it is too large in comparison to the ideal size of the firm and it could benefit by reducing its production level. If , there are economies of scope between w and ef, that is, the joint production of water and wastewater by a firm allows it to reach a lower marginal cost of production compared to the case in which each product is produced by two independent firms. However, if on the contrary there are diseconomies of scope or in other words that a lower cost of production could be obtained by producing each of the products in different firms.