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Drip and Surface Irrigation Methods: Irrigation Scheduling Of Onion, Cauliflower, and Tomato
Published in Ajai Singh, Megh R. Goyal, Micro Irrigation Engineering for Horticultural Crops, 2017
Thus for water resource and management, water crop production functions can play an important role in both production decisions and policy analysis. A production function, which mathematically or graphically represents the relationship between inputs and outputs in a production process, serves as a basis for describing and predicting the expected output from a specified level of inputs. Production function for irrigated agricultural crops can be determined directly from experiments, from statistical analysis of secondary data, or intricately by mathematical simulation models. Simulation models can be readily adapted to specific soil and climatic conditions, and to provide a flexible and relatively inexpensive method of producing production functions for varying local condition.
Methods for Valuing Producers' Uses of Water
Published in Robert A. Young, John B. Loomis, Determining the Economic Value of Water, 2014
Robert A. Young, John B. Loomis
In mainstream microeconomic theory, the firm is the basic production-side decisionmaking unit in the theory of supply. It is understood to be a legal entity that owns some inputs (also called factors of production) and purchases others, transforming these inputs into outputs of goods or services. A central assumption of the standard model is that a production function serves as the technical description of the firm. (A production function is a relationship that shows the maximum production which can be obtained from all possible combinations of given inputs at the given state of technical knowledge. It may be expressed in graphical, tabular, or mathematical form.)
Economics
Published in Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague, Domesticating Drones, 2016
Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague
Economists analyze firms that supply goods or services through a concept known as a production function. A production function expresses output as a function of various inputs. The traditional inputs for the economists who developed the idea in the nineteenth century were labor, capital, and land. Modern economics often adds a fourth factor: technology. The technology input in production functions is broader than its ordinary meaning in that it includes managerial inputs as well as and knowledge. Inanimate machines are subsumed by the traditional factor of land, because land is a proxy for physical assets.
Analysis of productivity performance of real estate and construction firms in Indonesia
Published in Construction Management and Economics, 2023
Viet-Ngu Hoang, Connie Susilawati, Joko Purnomo Raharjo
The production function is assumed to have one single output (i.e. revenue) and four inputs (materials used, salaries, operational expenditure, and total assets). These inputs and output are expressed in monetary values (converted into USD where USD 1 is equivalent to Rp 15,083) and have been used in previous literature. More specifically, material inputs refer to the total monetary value of materials used in production. Wages, bonuses, and other allowances are all included in the salary input for employees. Operational expenditure consists of advertising and marketing, interest expenses, and other associated expenditure. Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of these variables.
Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in building production resilience: learnings from the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Vishwas Dohale, Milind Akarte, Angappa Gunasekaran, Priyanka Verma
The rapidly increasing global competition, manufacturing uncertainties, and fierce disruptive events posed a strong requirement to rethink the production operations within manufacturing industries from a resilient perspective (Kusiak 2020a). The production operation is the core capability of manufacturing organisations and plays a pivotal role in providing firms with a competitive advantage by gaining production competence, if managed appropriately. Therefore, the management of production systems has been given the utmost importance while formulating manufacturing strategy (Hill and Hill 2018). Production function comprises a complex structure and relies on different components, namely – labours, raw materials, machinery, facility, monetary investments, information of products to be produced, and managerial functions required to manufacture physical products. The primary task in production management is to maintain the alignment between these components (Säfsten and Winroth 2002). However, unpredicted disturbance creates a failure in the alignment of these components, which results in a saddled and non-competitive production function. That is why the production systems are susceptible to disruptive events. For example, during the 2016 earthquake in Taiwan, the production facilities of many semiconductor factories got shut down due to raw material shortages that directly affected Korea, Japan, and USA (Wan 2016). In other disruptive events, due to floods in Thailand during 2011, a drastic drop in hard-disk shipments with skyrocketing prices is observed globally (Coughlin 2011). Hence, manufacturing organisations should emphasise building production resilience to withstand, absorb, and mitigate internal or external breakdowns owing to disruptions (Qin et al. 2021).