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The Review of Subdivision and Land Development Plans
Published in Robert M. Sanford, Environmental Site Plans and Development Review, 2017
Restricting the use of land through the subdivision process is an important process. The most common type of restriction is the easement. There are several types of easements, but a general definition is: granting a right to another person or persons for the limited use of your land. For example, a right-of-way easement allows a landowner to cross a neighbor’s property along a driveway. A utility easement enables companies or local governments to extend power lines, phone lines, or sewer and water pipes across a property. The easement is surveyed and indicated on the plat, and will allow utility companies or a local government to install overhead or underground service lines or pipes. The lot owner may not block the utility easement or put a structure within the easement area. A drainage easement allows water runoff through more than one property, and no buildings may be placed in the drainage easement area. Another kind of easement is a conservation easement which restricts the use of land, usually to farming, forestry, or open space uses.
Smart Grid Communication Network and Its Applications
Published in F. Richard Yu, Xi Zhang, Victor C. M. Leung, Green Communications and Networking, 2016
Zhao Li, Dmitry Ishchenko, Fang Yang, Yanzhu* Ye
As discussed, electric utilities often rely on a trouble call system in which customers can report outages to the utility. Generally, when a fault occurs and customers experience a power outage, customers may call the utility and report the power outage. After receiving a power outage report, the utility may send a crew to the field. The crew investigates the fault location and figures out and implements a switching scheme that first isolates the fault and then restores service to as many of the affected customers as possible while the faulty feeder part is being repaired. This procedure may take several hours to implement.
Additional Facility Power Consumption
Published in Scott Offermann, Creating a Strategic Energy Reduction Plan, 2020
Utility company’s offer rebates and incentives for energy saving projects. These can be located on the utility provider’s website or literature within billing statements. Contact the utility company to discuss available rebates and incentives that might be applicable within the building. Perform an Internet search for regional and local agencies that may not be affiliated with the utility company that provide rebates and tax incentives (keyword: utility incentive Europe).
Robust optimal asset–liability management with delay and ambiguity aversion in a jump-diffusion market
Published in International Journal of Control, 2022
To proceed, the utility function of the investor has the following form: where m and η are two positive constants representing the absolute risk aversion and weight of the average performance on the terminal wealth. In some ways, the exponential utility function is a ‘good’ utility function because it has a constant absolute risk aversion preference and is widely used in the financial literature. Furthermore, we choose a suitable form of preference parameters followed by Yuan and Mi (2021) as which are state dependent. Here, , are the ambiguity-aversion coefficients w.r.t. diffusion and jump risks. Applying the technique in Section 2, the HJB equation is given by In what follows, we are about to take four steps to derive the value function and robust optimal strategy. First of all, we conjecture the structure of the candidate value function. Then, according to the first-order optimality conditions, we obtain the candidate optimal control . Furthermore, substituting the candidate optimal control into the HJB equation, we derive the explicit solution of the HJB equation by separating the variables. At last, we verify that the solution of the HJB equation satisfies the conditions in the verification theorem. Then, the candidate value function is indeed the value function.
On the singular risk-sensitive stochastic maximum principle
Published in International Journal of Control, 2021
This paper presents the optimal solution to the risk-sensitive control problem for the system governed by a singular stochastic differential equation. An exponential utility of the cost function is used. Pontryagin's maximum principle for risk sensitive is obtained, using an auxiliary process and result obtained by Bahlali and Chala (2005) as a preliminary step, which helps as to find the necessary optimality conditions in Theorem 3.2, and the sufficient optimality conditions in Theorem 4.1. The relationship between an expected exponential utility and backward quadratic equation is obtained in Section 3 (see Lemma 3.1). The example of applications show the nonlinear quadratic risk-sensitive performance cost and who to find the optimal control with the feedback form by using the Riccati equations. In second example of application, we find the optimal control by using the optimization method used by Hu et al. (2005).
On the incremental investment in residential energy efficiency: a Saudi perspective
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2021
It would help to first provide an example of how the graphs are read in the following discussion. For each energy efficiency measure already installed (the bottom row), the utility values for all additional measures (the data points) are compared3Although the closeness of the results is insightful to gauge potential sensitivities to assumed parameters such as the discount rate, the analysis focuses on the qualitative notion of the differences. The presented comparison focuses on if the efficiency measures result in higher or lower utility values (ordinal utility) as opposed to the numerical values of the differences (cardinal utility). Microeconomics has trended toward ordinal utility over the last century (Köbberling 2006). to the same measure without initial energy efficiency purchase. For instance, the utility value of additionally installing more efficient air conditioners when a household already purchased low-e windows is compared to the utility when the household installs the air conditioners without any measure already installed. Let us take Figures 4 and 5, which show the utility results for both electricity pricing cases in the eastern region. With base electricity pricing, the households that reduce air infiltration in their homes do not experience any other measure that improves their welfare state. However, under ToU pricing, further installing more efficient air conditioners would raise their welfare.