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Cladding
Published in James Douglas, Bill Ransom, Understanding Building Failures, 2013
As reported by Noy and Douglas (2005), since the 1970s profile metal cladding has been used extensively for roofs and wall panels in many commercial and industrial buildings. The main protection and colour medium of this type of cladding is usually a plastic coating, either PVC (e.g. ‘Plastisol’) or PVDF (polyvinylidene-fluoride). A typical initial service life for this form of cladding is between 15 and 25 years, before first maintenance is usually needed (Harrison 1996).
Optimization of torsion and wear characteristics on reinforced steel wire rope
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Saravana Kumar Palanisamy, Manonmani Krishnaswamy
The fabrication of wire rope is done in such a way that, the base of the steel wire rope is made of the usual steel core strand, a total of 7 composite strands are twisted over the core strand in the clockwise direction where, the steel wires in the core strand is twisted in an anti-clockwise direction. Each strand in the rope is consist of 15 wires out of them 7 wires are replaced with granite (5%) and rutile particles (5%) wires and the rest are non-reinforced steel wires. In which, the core is made up of metallic steel strands. The replacement wires are fabricated with the help of a mold of a 2 mm diameter hole, the length of the prepared wires is 500 mm to eliminate the length shortage during strand preparation (the excess wire was cut out). The wires are rolled and twisted for preparing the strands. The plastic coating is performed for each strand and allows it for drying off. The wires are rolled and twisted in an anti-clockwise direction to prepare the structure of the strand after arranging them (reinforced and non-reinforced wires are alternatively placed around the non-reinforced center wire) as shown in Figure 3.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
BPA is identified as one of the most common endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) that the general population is exposed to daily. Other than PVC, it is found in other polymers like polypropylene (PP) which is a very widely used polymer for food packaging. Polycarbonate and epoxy resins of which BPA is a major component, are extensively used in protective coatings on food containers and as adhesives in packaging products. BPA accounts for about 63% of the total consumption of polycarbonates. In 1995, oestrogenic activity in components extracted from canned foodstuff was first discovered and BPA from the inner plastic coating was identified as an oestrogenic material (Kim & Lee, 2011). Subsequent studies have shown that BPA could be associated with increased risk for:Foetal developmentReproductive and sexual disfunctionBreast and prostate cancerAltered immune system activityObesity and metabolic dysfunctions and diabetes in adultsCardiovascular disease in adultsCognitive and behavioural development in young children
Advances in self-crosslinking of acrylic emulsion: what we know and what we would like to know
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Sumit Parvate, Prakash Mahanwar
If the system of self-crosslinking is used with proper understanding, this would be helpful to synthesize various novel coatings in response to insist from the environment-concern society in the 21st century. According to EPA or REACH guidelines environment-friendly processes should be explored and various reactions will be modified or banned. Therefore, the trend is moving towards making formaldehyde-free emulsions. Instead, keto-dihydrazide/diamine, silanes and chelate crosslinking systems are good options for making formaldehyde-free emulsions. Although functional monomers offer many fascinating properties, but very few commercial products are available in market. Therefore, it is strongly desirable for probing and commercialization of multifaceted carbonyl functional monomers (keto-enolic form). These crosslinkers forms dense, covalently bonded interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) which offers excellent barrier properties and can be used for direct-to-metal (DTM) paints, decorative paints, elastomeric roof paints, wood coating, plastic coating, textile coatings and adhesives. Properties like self-cleaning, anti-graffiti, anti-scratch, dirt pick-up resistance can be achieved by incorporating organosilane crosslinkers. Metal chelate crosslinking can be best applied in rust converter, anti-corrosive coating and polyacrylate hydrosol. In UV curing mechanism the biggest task is to search such photoinitiators which can form free radicals at higher wavelengths and give required coating properties. Medical, automotive and graphic art industries are the fastest growing market sectors predicted for UV curing technology.