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Cutting Tools
Published in David A. Stephenson, John S. Agapiou, Metal Cutting Theory and Practice, 2018
David A. Stephenson, John S. Agapiou
Both square and ballnose end mills are used. Ballnose end mills require consideration of the effective diameters affected by the DOC as explained in Problem 2.6. The radial depth of cut affects the surface finish because the tool leaves behind scallops on the surface that vary in height according to the stepover distance. The stepover is given by Stepover=2((D/2)2−(D/2−h)2)0.5
Machining of Metals
Published in Sherif D. El Wakil, Processes and Design for Manufacturing, 2019
As the name vertical milling machine suggests, the axis of the spindle that holds the milling cutter is vertical. Table movements are generally similar to those of plain horizontal milling machines; however, an additional rotary motion is sometimes provided for the table when helical and circular grooves are to be machined. The cutters used with vertical milling machines are almost always of the end-mill type. Figure 11.44 shows a vertical milling machine.
Non-contact surface roughness evaluation of milling surface using CNN-deep learning models
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2022
End milling differs from other machining processes due to the tooling used for abrading a given material. Unlike cutters and drill bits, end mills have cutting teeth on the sides and end of the mill. End milling is widely used for machining surfaces, and its performance is limited by the dynamic properties of machine structure, causing chatter occurrence. The occurrence of chatter causes poor accuracy, poor roughness, decreased tool life, and material removal rate. (Shimoda and Fujimoto 2017) proposed adaptive spindle speed selection methods to avoid and minimize chatter vibration.
Real-time estimation of machine cutting tool wear
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2022
Zhi-An Shen, Jiangfeng Cheng, Chieh-Tse Tang, Chun-Liang Lin, Chia-Feng Juang
We have conducted multiple-face milling experiments on the machine by considering: (1) two kinds of cutting tool materials: tungsten carbide and HSS; (2) aluminum and medium carbon steel workpiece materials; (3) three cutting paths-straight line, square and circular. The end mills considered are the square type with 2, 3 or 4 flutes. For each case of ANN prediction, the number of sample data for training is 160 and the number for testing is 40.