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ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
Published in Jack Arabian, Computer Integrated Electronics Manufacturing and Testing, 2020
It behooves the manufacturing and test engineers to be able to locate the sources and causes of electrostatic generating processes. An electrostatic voltmeter or locator is an instrument which will aid in identifying the buildup of electrostatic charge (see Figure 4-12). Even then, the meter depends on the presence of a field. In certain situations, the field may be temporarily neutralized as, for example, when two materials of unlike charges stick together. Thus, this field is temporarily hidden, in the very narrow space between two layers of attracted material, such as sheets of plastic; but the charges are there and will immediately appear if the two sheets are pulled apart and held in free space. Now, when the meter is placed in proximity to the field of either of the isolated materials, the electrostatic voltage will be detected. Figure 4-13 depicts an electrostatic locator which can detect and measure electrostatic field strength. It contains an electrometer-type sensor with an adjustable iris diaphragm sensitivity control. The 3.5 inch scale reads from zero to ±200,000 volts, and field strength of zero to 4000 kV/m (kilovolts/meter) with an accuracy of ± 5 %.
High-Voltage Measurements
Published in Mazen Abdel-Salam, Hussein Anis, Ahdab El-Morshedy, Roshdy Radwan, High-Voltage Engineering, 2018
An electrostatic voltmeter utilizes the force existing between two opposite plates. The force is created by the process in which a change in stored electrostatic energy is converted into mechanical work. Referring to Figure 17.3, the electrostatic voltmeter is seen to be made up of two parallel plates. One is fixed and the other has a very small movable part that is restrained by a spring. The force of attraction F(t) created by the applied voltage causes the movable part—to which a mirror is attached—to assume a position at which a balance of forces takes place. An incident light beam will therefore be reflected toward a scale calibrated to read the applied voltage magnitude. Assuming the capacitance between plates to be C, the stored electrostatic energy W in the system will be W(t) = (1/2)CV2(t). A change dW(t) in stored energy will be faithfully converted into mechanical work. Therefore, () dW(t)=−F(t)dS
E
Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
Elias' upper bound electronically erasable programmable readonly memory (EEPROM) a term used to denote a programmable read-only memory where the cells are electronically both written and erased. Also known as electrically alterable read-only memory. See also electronically programmable read-only memory. electronically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) Programmable read-only memory that is electronically written but requires ultraviolet light for erasure. electroplastic effect plastic deformation of metals with the application of high-density electric current. electroplastic smart material material with smart properties of elastic deformation changes proportional to a controlled electric current applied in proportion to the sensed deformation. electrorheological property property exhibited by some fluids that are capable of altering their flow characteristics depending on an externally applied electric field. electrorheological smart fluid fluid with smart flow characteristics dictated to change selfadaptively by means of an electric field applied in proportion to the sensed flow parameters. electrorheological smart material material with smart properties of elastic deformation changes proportional to a controlled electric current applied in proportion to the sensed deformation. electroslag welding a welding process that produces coalescence of metals with molten slag that melts the filler metal and the surfaces of the parts to be joined. electrostatic discharge (ESD) the discharge of a body through a conducting path between two pins of an IC. Circuits located at the inputs and outputs of ICs protect the internal devices from ESD events. electrostatic precipitator a method of extracting dust from stack gases or ventilating systems in which ions are laid on the dust particles by highvoltage electrodes and then attracted electrostatically into a trap. electrostatic voltmeter a voltmeter, typically used for voltages in the kilovolt range, in which the pointer is moved by the electrostatic attraction of a pair of metal plates across which the voltage to be measured is applied. electrostriction the tendency of materials to become compressed in the presence of an applied electric field. The change in density is proportion to the square of the electric field strength. This process leads to an increase in the refractive index of the material, describable by n = n 2 I , where n 2 is the (positive) coefficient of the nonlinear refractive index and I is the intensity of the field in units of power per unit area. For condensed matter, a typical value of n 2 is 10-20 m2 /W. element factor in antenna theory, that part of the radiation pattern that is governed by the geometrical shape of the antenna that constrains the current. Elias' upper bound for any (n, k) block code, the minimum distance is bounded asymptotically as dmin 2A(1 - A) n where the parameter A is related to the code rate through the equation k = 1 + A log2 A + (1 - A) log2 (1 - A) n 1 0 A 2
Evolution of millimetric-range electrostatic forces between an AFM cantilever and a charged dielectric via suspended force curves
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2022
Tianmao Lai, Mingli Guo, Yuguo Chen
The sample used in the experiments was a round glass pane with a radius of ~15 mm and a thickness of ~1 mm. The average roughness of the sample was 0.965 nm, and the root-mean-square roughness was 1.668 nm (see Supplementary Figure S1). Before the experiments, the sample was coated with a First Contact polymer (Photonic Cleaning Technologies, Platteville, Wisconsin), an inert, non-toxic polymer to remove contaminants from surfaces without scratching or damage. Then, the layer was peeled off with tweezers, and the sample surface was net negatively charged (see Supplementary Figures S2(a-c)). The electrostatic surface voltage of the sample was determined using a hand-held electrostatic voltmeter (Trek Model 520, Trek Inc., Lockport, New York, USA). The measurement range of this voltmeter is 0 ~ ±2000 kV DC with an accuracy better than ±5% of full scale over a separation range of 5 ~ 25 mm. During the measurements, the sample was backed by a large grounded metal plane, and the grounded terminal of this voltmeter was also connected to the plane (see Supplementary Figure S2(d)). More than 10 locations were selected to measure surface voltage, and then a mean value was obtained. If necessary, surface charges on the sample can be eliminated by establishing a field of ionized air using a static ionizer (SY-988A, Shenzhen Shengyuan Anti-Static Corporation, Guangdong, China).
Calibration of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Generator in Accordance with IEC61000-4-2: 2008 at SCL
Published in NCSLI Measure, 2018
H. W. Lai, Michael W. K. Chow, K. Y. Chan
The discharge gun of the ESD generator is fixed by a stand. The tip of the discharge gun, either the air discharge tip or contact discharge tip, is connected to the high input of the electrostatic voltmeter. The ground cable of the discharge gun is connected to the low input of the electrostatic voltmeter. The operator should make sure that the appropriate voltage range is selected before the measurement.