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Solid Waste
Published in Rajeev Pratap Singh, Vishal Prasad, Barkha Vaish, Advances in Waste-to-Energy Technologies, 2019
Tansukh Barupal, Deepali Chittora, Mukesh Meena
Most communities require domestic refuse to be stored in durable, easily cleaned containers with tight-fitting covers in order to diminish rodent or insect infestation as well as offensive odors. Plastic containers or galvanized metal of about 115-L (30-gallon) capacity are commonly used, while certain communities employ bigger containers that can be mechanically lifted and emptied into collection trucks. Plastic bags are frequently used as liners or as disposable containers for curbside collection. Where massive quantities of refuse are generated, such as hotels, shopping centers, or apartment buildings—dumpsters may be used for temporary storage until the waste is collected. Some office and commercial buildings use on-site compactors to decrease the waste volume (Jerry A Nathanson: www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-management#ref593297).
Handling, Storage, and Transport of Infectious Waste
Published in Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon, Infectious and Medical Waste Management, 2018
Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon
Compacting of waste can also result in exposures if the compacting process creates dusts and aerosols. Only compactors that operate under negative pressure (thereby retaining aerosols and dusts within the unit) should be used for compaction of infectious waste. Such compactors are now under development and commercially available.
Environmental Impact Assessment for a Solid Waste Disposal Landfill
Published in Musaida Mercy Manyuchi, Charles Mbohwa, Edison Muzenda, Nita Sukdeo, Environmental Impact Assessments and Mitigation, 2020
Musaida Mercy Manyuchi, Charles Mbohwa, Edison Muzenda, Nita Sukdeo
Each waste collection system must meet technical and financial requirements as well as public preferences and priorities. Convenience to users and level-of-service issues typically play a large part in the selection of the preferred system, and these aspects of waste collection cannot be meaningfully generalized. Technical requirements are susceptible to local geographic conditions (e.g. presence of year-round access), however the following general principles may be used for guidance: Waste collection equipment should be selected according to the length of waste haul, frequency of collection, and the types and quantities of waste to be collectedIn communities where each residence uses an individual garbage can, collection service will be most efficiently delivered by 1 ton’s compactor-type vehiclesIn communities where it is feasible for individual bins to service several residences, collection service may be delivered by 3 tons’ side loader type vehicles. In this case, 1.15 cubic meter bins would typically be shared between 2, 3 or 4 houses. Operating efficiencies can be achieved in this system, since in addition to being used in the residential sector, the 1.15 cubic meter bins are large enough to be used by many commercial outlets (stores, offices) and consequently a single vehicle can be used to collect waste from both residential and commercial collection pointsSmall communities with less than 1,000 residences will typically be most efficiently serviced by simple bin-style transfer stations, in which the bins are coated to prevent freezing of waste onto the container under winter conditions. Larger communities may benefit from more sophisticated compactor-style transfer stations, in which mechanical compaction is used to reduce the volume of waste prior to hauling for final disposal.
Status, characterization, and quantification of municipal solid waste as a measure towards effective solid waste management: The case of Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Workineh Mengesha Fereja, Dereje Diriba Chemeda
One serious problem that affects the solid waste management system of the town is the absence of waste segregation at the source. There are also other problems such as: increasing the amount of dumping of waste into open space and littering on the roadside finally end up to the rivers, lack of standard transfer stations, solid waste collection service provided does not cover all solid waste generators. Collection services are limited to mainly business areas and households that are willing to pay for the services. Only a small fraction of wastes are collected through formal and informal collection system, street–sweepers and waste collectors are not provided with personal protective equipment, emptying of community containers are irregular (no fixed programme), waste collection is considered as the tax of children and poor peoples. Households particularly from slums, low-income areas, and local shopkeepers frequently throw waste onto streets, and any available open spaces causing excessive littering and clogging of drainage systems. There is no treatment facility for municipal solid waste, there exists no leachate or emission control of the dumping site and the dumping site has no excavator or compactor. The absence of an environmentally acceptable landfill site that fulfills the standards provided in the environmental policies and laws concerning SWM in contemporary Ethiopia.
Fracture strength of warm mix asphalt concretes modified with crumb rubber subjected to variable temperatures
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2020
Sadjad Pirmohammad, Morteza Khanpour
Cylindrical samples (made of the described WMA mixtures) with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 130 mm were produced using a gyratory compactor machine. Air void content was 4% for both the normal and modified WMA samples. Three discs with a height of 32 mm were obtained from each cylindrical sample using a water-cooled masonry sawing machine with a 4 mm thick blade. Meanwhile, both ends of the cylindrical samples were cut and discarded due to having uneven surfaces. In order to produce the SCB specimens, these discs were then halved using the mentioned sawing machine with a 1 mm thick blade. Finally, an artificial crack with a length of 20 mm was generated in the SCB specimens using a thin blade with 0.3 mm thickness. Figure 2 displays the cutting steps to produce the cracked SCB specimens.
Evaluation of geocomposite-reinforced bituminous pavements with Amirkabir University Shear Field Test
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2019
A. Noory, F. Moghadas Nejad, A. Khodaii
In order to test the shear bonding between asphalt layers in laboratory, a two-layered beam with geocomposite was prepared. In the first step, to create this specimen, asphalt mix with optimum bitumen content of 4.5 (derived using Marshall method AASHTO T245) was prepared and was placed in PReSSBOX compactor using a distributor chute. This compactor simulates the field compaction of asphalt. The target void content was 4.1% with specific gravity of 2398 kg/m3. Asphalt beams of 450L × 150W × 180H mm dimensions were built before being cut into two 450L × 150W × 85H mm beams, as shown in Figure 4(a). Next, the specimen rotates, and tack coat and geosynthetic layer were placed onto the rough surface of the beam (Figure 4(b)). After that, the beam was reinserted into the PReSSBOX mould and the hot mix was poured on it and compacted to reach the 50 mm thickness (Figure 4(c) and 4(d)). In the laboratory tests, this layer represented the overlay. In the next step, a 20-mm wide cut was created in the overlay in order to place the AUT-SFT jaws, at a 100 mm distance from the end of the specimen (Figure 4(e)). This resulted in a shear surface of 100 × 150 mm dimensions. Figure 5 shows the specimen and device during the shear bonding test. In current laboratory research, tests with AUT-SFT were performed without normal load application. This device is able to apply the shear loading rate of up to 110 mm/min. All tests were performed with the loading rate of 12.5 mm/min.