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An Overview of Mycogenic Nanoparticles
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Sagarika Mohanta, Sameer Kumar Singdevsachan, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Sujogya Kumar Pa, Tapan Kumar Mohanta
Characterization of nanoparticles is an indispensable step in material science research to study the different forms or types of synthesized nanoparticles, including their size, shape, and structure. Nanomaterials are of unique structures and sizes which are highly promising for various important biological functions in the food, agriculture, health care, and environmental sectors (Chaudhry et al., 2018; Fortunati and Balestra, 2018; Khandel and Kumar, 2018). Moreover, unique or innovative findings of processes and phenomena of materials at the micro- and nano-scales will bring favorable new circumstances for the assembly of novel nanosystems and nanostructures (Fortunati and Balestra, 2018). The characterization of nanoparticles is furnished by various molecular techniques, viz., UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), etc. (Table 7.2).
Challenges, Recommendations, and Strategies for Nanotoxicology Evaluation and Its Management
Published in Vineet Kumar, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Nanotoxicology, 2018
Parameters in determining the adverse health effects of nanoparticles are dose, dimension, and durability of nanoparticles (the three Ds). Before initiating any toxicity study, it is essential to make a characterization of the test substance. Characterization of nanoparticles is different from chemical toxicants due to physicochemical properties such as different shapes and sizes having different surface area, surface chemistry, crystallinity, porosity, agglomeration state, surface charge, solubility, and so on. The size distribution and mean size of nanoparticles especially need to be tested; otherwise, their toxicity is insignificant. Different measurement methods that may give different results on the characterization of nanoparticles pose a problem. Also, sample preparation methods and instrument operating procedures contribute to differences in measurements of nanoparticles (Dhawan et al. 2009). Different methods have various measurement principles, so this leads to different outcomes; hence, it is difficult to standardize them (Drobne 2007). Nanoparticle properties in liquid suspensions can change with time and the surrounding environment; therefore, it is essential to make characterizations at different experimental steps. The size of the particles can change; therefore, their properties such as agglomeration in cell media also change. Due to all of the above, it is recommended that more than two measurement methods for particle characterization should be applied.
Computational Modeling of Nanoparticles
Published in Sarhan M. Musa, ®, 2018
The role of nanoparticles, whether for improved materials, semiconductor fabrication, pharmaceuticals, environmental assessment, or evaluation of global climatic, depends on their chemistry as well as their physical characteristics [1,2]. The unique functionality of nanoparticle-based materials and devices depends directly on size-and structure-dependent properties In industrial applications, often, chemistry is key to elucidating sources and formation mechanisms of nanoparticles. Physical characterization of nanoparticles is critical to the advancement of the underlying science and the development of practical nanotechnologies. Nanoparticle size must be tightly controlled to take full advantage of quantum size effects in photonic applications, and agglomeration must be prevented [3]. Agglomeration can only be prevented if the number concentrations is tightly controlled, which requires that the rate of new particle formation be quantitatively determined. Realtime measurements of particle size distributions and particle structure are, thus, enabling technologies for the advancement of nanotechnology [4]. Key areas of research to improve our physical characterization capabilities include Rapid nanoparticle measurementsDetection, characterization, and behavior in the low nanometer (<5 nm) size regimeParticle standards for size, concentration, morphology, and structureCharging behavior and technology throughout the ultrafine and nanoparticle size regimesDistributed nanoparticle measurementsIntegral parameter measurementOff-line morphological, structural, and chemical characterization of nanoparticlesOnline morphological and structural characterization of nanoparticlesNanoparticle size distribution measurements with high detection efficiencies
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous root extract of Sphagneticola trilobata Lin and investigate its role in toxic metal removal, sowing germination and fostering of plant growth
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Abdul Mathin Shaik, M. David Raju, D. Rama Sekhara Reddy
The characterization of nanoparticles is usually done based on their shape, size, surface area, and dispersion. Plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has now a day’s become popular because these biosynthesized nanoparticles, which are uniform and stable. Thus, it could be used for its ample applications in various fields.[21] However, nanoparticle size, shape and formation differ among different plant species because of the reaction with metal ions and various biomolecules in the plant extract.[22,23]
Anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous neem leaf extract mediated green synthesis-based silver nitrate nanoparticles
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Siti Zulaiha Ghazali, Noor Rasyila Mohamed Noor, Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is the common analytical technique used for the characterization of nanoparticles’ size distribution in terms of hydrodynamic radius.[20] DLS required particles that are approximately less than a micron in size to be homogeneously suspended in the fluid, either aqueous or organic. Figure 4 shows the DLS pattern for the suspension of neem-AgNPs. The size distribution of DLS obtained ranged between 31 − 43 nm and corresponded to DLS of synthesized neem leaves reported by Ahmed and the team.[7]