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Waste management
Published in Chris March, Construction Management, 2017
The materials used in packaging can be excessive, as is well documented in the retail trade, often to make the purchase more attractive to consumers. There should be no need for this with building products, except perhaps in the DIY stores for certain items, although this is debatable. Some of the packaging such as strapping and cartons can be recycled but not reused, but dunnage and pallets are usually reusable. Some 10 to 15 per cent of all construction waste is packaging. The problem is how best to return them to the supplier.
Cargoes
Published in Alan E. Branch, Michael Robarts, Branch's Elements of Shipping, 2014
Alan E. Branch, Michael Robarts
Cartons are a common form of packing, and may be constructed of cardboard, strawboard or fibreboard. This form of packing is very much on the increase, as it lends itself to ease of handling, particularly by palletization. The principal disadvantage is its susceptibility to crushing and pilfering. It is a flexible form of packing and therefore prevents the breakages occurring when rigid containers are used. Many kinds of consumer goods are packed inexpensively in cartons, making cartons ideal packaging for container cargo. Polystyrene now aids packing in cartons. The triwall in common with the carton may be palletized with provision for fork-lift handling.
Fire testing of alternative fixed fire-extinguishing systems for ro-ro spaces onboard ships
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023
Magnus Arvidson, Pierrick Mindykowski
Four rows of the EUR Std Plastic commodity were positioned on the platform such that longitudinal and transversal gaps of 100 mm were created between the stacks of the commodity. The EUR Std Plastic commodity consists of empty Polystyrene (PP) cups without lids, placed upside down (i.e. open end down), in compartmented cartons, 120 cups per carton. The cartons measure 600 mm × 400 mm × 500 mm (L × W × H) and are made from single-wall, corrugated cardboard. When used on standard 1200 mm × 800 mm EUR pallets, eight cartons are placed on each pallet. The overall dimension of one pallet load is consequently 1200 mm × 800 mm × 1000 mm (L × W × H) plus the height of the pallet (nominally 150 mm). Although the EUR Std Plastic commodity does not represent the most severe commodity that can be found on a freight truck trailer in practice, commodities containing for example expanded plastics, as upholstered furniture, are regarded as more severe, it was considered representative of a high hazard commodity. The fact that it is established as a ‘benchmark’ commodity in large-scale sprinkler fire tests made it logical to use in these tests.
A product-process-resource based formal modelling framework for customized manufacturing in cyber-physical production systems
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2022
Ge Wang, Di Li, Yuqing Tu, Chunhua Zhang, Fang Li, Shiyong Wang
Figure 5(b) describes the interaction of PPR among system components, which meets the second requirement of the PPR model description. The inputs of the loading process are timber and carton, and the outputs of the carving process are handicrafts and carton. After the uploading process, timber is processed by CNC carving. The completed crafts can be used as input for the carton cover. The carton cover is used as the last input, while the final output is a product-gift box. There is an order constraint between the CNC carving process and the up-down material processes. In addition, different input and output have priorities, which are marked by circled numbers in Figure 5(b). The smaller the number, the higher the priority. Moreover, there is an execution relationship between CNC carving and the resources provided by the CNC station, as well as between the up-down material process and the resource of the conveyor. Also, there is an internal relationship between the conveyor locating device and the robot.
An experimental assessment of bio-mixed-phase change material in a lightweight compartment and its potential as latent energy storage in north-east climate of India
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Shubham Kumar Jaiswal, Devesh Kumar
In this study, we constructed a two small-scaled lightweight test compartment with one side as a glazing face. One test cell is a reference cell in which no PCM is incorporated while the other test cell is called a PCM-enhanced compartment, in which all three walls are layered with phase changing material in macroencapsulation form. The base dimension of the test cell is 0.60.60.5 m3 framed with 12 mm thick plywood, which is a widely available option for lightweight compartments. Next to it, we used the polystyrene insulation sheet on all walls of both the test cells while on the interior side we used a carton layer for both the cells. In the second compartment, an extra layer of Bio-mixed PCM is added filled inside the aluminum encapsulation and the other test cell without it, for reference study. From the previous literature (Li, Rashed and Rostamzadehet al. 2019) it has been observed that PCM layer thickness could be varied from 10 mm to 40 mm as more the thickness more is the thermal inertia but increasing the thickness randomly could not always enhance the performance and also increases the cost of layering. Therefore there should be optimum thickness to be considered such as it can satisfy both the advantage of application and keep the cost under relaxation. Thus with this consideration, we decided the thickness of PCM layer to be 20 mm as the mean value. The fourth wall is equipped with transparent glazing acrylate glass and framed corner and air tightened with proper insulation.