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Surface Preparation
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
Bluing is another useful technique that can be used for small steel items to provide protection against rust. The reason why this technique is called “bluing” comes from the blue-black color on the surface of the metal after using this method. Bluing is performed by submerging the steel in a solution of potassium nitrate, sodium hydroxide and water. Coating is another means of preventing rust.
Beneficial Industrial Uses of Electricity: Materials Fabrication
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Frequently used electrofinishing processes include passivation, bluing, and parkerizing. Passivation is the process of making a material “passive” in relation to another material. Bluing is a passivation process in which steel is partially protected against rust. Bluing is most commonly used by gun manufacturers, gunsmiths, and gun owners. Bluing is also used for providing coloring for fine metalwork. Parkerizing is a method of protecting a steel surface from corrosion and increasing its resistance to wear through the application of an electrochemical conversion coating.
Variation of tolerance and accumulation to excess iron in 24 willow clones: Implications for phytoextraction
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Weidong Yang, Fengliang Zhao, Zheli Ding, Yuyan Wang, Xincheng Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhu, Xiaoe Yang
Soil and water contaminated with heavy metals become a major environmental problem, and these heavy metals originate from geogenic activities or industrial waste discharge (Deng, Ye, and Wong 2009; Jayaweera et al.2008). In general, iron (Fe) is essential for growth and functioning of plants under normal conditions, plays a key role in the electron transport chains of photosynthesis and respiration, and is involved in chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen fixation (Adamski et al.2011; Itanna and Coulman 2003; Majerus, Bertin, and Lutts 2007; Xing, Li, and Liu 2010). However, when Fe is present in soil and water in excess of the required range, it poses an environmental and health concern similar to other heavy metals (Itanna and Coulman 2003). Excessive amounts of Fe can be especially toxic to plants, resulting in photoinhibition, reduction in photosystem II (PSII), and higher thylakoid energization; excess Fe alters chromatin structure, protein synthesis, and enzyme activity (Stein et al.2009; Xing et al. 2010); excess Fe also induces oxidative stress (Adamski et al.2011; Siqueira-Silva et al.2012; Xing et al.2010). Fe is released into the environment due to various anthropogenic activities such as blueprint paper, paint, pigment manufacturing facilities, laundry bluing, tanneries, textile industry, steel industry, and facilities and disposal of sludge in water treatment plants (Jayaweera et al.2008; Xing et al.2010). Fe in the soil is usually present as insoluble Fe(III) oxides, whereas under the anaerobic conditions of flooded soils, the excessive amounts of ferrous Fe in the soil solution are generated by the reduction in Fe oxides (De Dorlodot, Lutts, and Bertin 2005; Nozoe et al.2009; Ramírez et al.2002; Stein et al.2009).