China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nano-System as Therapeutic Means
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Ananya Ghosh, Aniruddha Mukherjee
The materials constituting the ultrafine particles are also accountable for toxicity studies. For instance, iron oxide nanoparticles have shown great potential as drug delivery vessels as well as imaging agents for diagnostic purposes. Iron oxide nanoparticles have exhibited low toxicity since they are biologically degraded to form iron ions, which is a vital trace element in humans. Another such element, which is present in scarce amounts in the human body, is silicon and intact silicon nanoparticles were found to be clearable by the reticuloendothelial system. However, if degraded to water-soluble silicic acid, the traces of porous silicon nanoparticles were quite noticeable even after 1 week of administration. Sophisticated regulation of particle size and its surface properties is vital since it is these properties that decide the pharmacokinetics, biodegradation, and clearance properties of these nanoparticles. Toxicity concern still and will remain a major hurdle on the way of clinical translation of nanoparticles. Extensive research work is demanded in the preclinical phases for determining the most suited method for the characterization and reduction of toxic effects of these ultrafine assemblies.
Metals, Metal Oxides, and Their Composites—Safety and Health Awareness
Published in Vijay B. Pawade, Paresh H. Salame, Bharat A. Bhanvase, Multifunctional Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices, 2020
Iron oxides are very important transition MOs for a host of uses in frontier areas. As many as 16 forms of iron oxides exist, such as oxides, hydroxides, and oxy-hydroxides. They preferentially have iron in the oxidation state + 3 (ferric state), and possess lower solubility but brilliant colors. The iron oxides have applications in various frontier technological areas such as catalysis, sorption, pigments, flocculation, coatings, gas sensors, ion exchanging agents, and lubricants. Iron oxide nanocomposites hold much promise and potential in magnetic storage of data, resonance imaging, toners, inks for printers, wastewater treatment, bioseparation, and medicine.
Colorants, Pigments, and Dyes
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) red is technologically an important pigment and has superior character in non-toxicity, chemical stability, and durability and low costs. It is widely applied as pigments in the building industry, inorganic dyes, ceramics, and adsorbents in the paper industry, lacquers or plastics. Natural iron oxides are derived from hematite, which is a red iron oxide mineral; limonites, which vary from yellow to brown, such as ochers, siennas, and umbers; and magnetite, which is black iron oxide. Synthetic iron oxide pigments are produced from basic chemicals. The three major methods for the manufacture of synthetic iron oxides are thermal decomposition of iron salts or iron compounds, precipitation of iron salts usually accompanied by oxidation, and reduction of organic compounds by iron. Lately, the synthesis of nano-iron red oxide pigment by cyanided tailings via ammonia process with urea has been published. The particle size of iron oxide crystal prepared on different temperature and pH conditions showed different color shades (Dengxin et al., 2008).
Geotechnical properties and microstructure of clay contaminated with urban wastewater and remediated with α-Aluminum oxide/α-Iron oxide nanohybrid
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Seyed Vahid Mojtahed Sistani, Hassan Negahdar, Fatemeh F. Bamoharram, Mohammad Reza Shakeri
Iron oxide is a chemical compound consisting of iron and oxygen. Iron oxide nanoparticles are a paramagnetic mineral. Among the various structures of iron oxide nanoparticles, the alpha phase of this material has received a great deal of attention in environmental applications due to its high environmental compatibility (Kumar and Chawla 2014). α-Iron oxide nanoparticle powder used in this research has the chemical formula Fe2O3, and has purity of more than 98%, average particle size from 20 nm to 40 nm, specific surface area from 40 to 60 m2/g, and particle density equal to 5.24 g/cm3. This product is manufactured by Research Nanomaterial US, whose chemical specifications are presented in Table 5.
Effect of ultra-sonication and peptization on the aqueous phase stability of iron oxide nanoparticles
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Amarjeet Bisla, N. Srivastava, Rupali Rautela, Vinay Yadav, Praveen Singh, Abhishek Kumar, S. K. Ghosh, Srikant Ghosh, Rahul Katiyar
Iron oxide exists in different forms in the nature, with magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and hematite (α-Fe2O3) being probably the most common.[7] The iron atom has a strong magnetic moment due to four unpaired electrons in its 3d orbital. If iron crystal is subjected to an external magnetic field, alignment of some of the moments will result in the crystal attaining a small net magnetic moment.[8] Development of such magnetic properties in biomolecules has its own advantage for they can be manipulated remotely by external magnetic forces. IONPs can be synthesized by various methods viz gas phase methods (thermal decomposition, pyrolysis, hydrolysis, reduction, disproportionation, oxidation), liquid phase methods (co-precipitation method), two phase methods, sol-gel methods, and high pressure hydrothermal methods.[8] The simplest, cost-effective, and efficient method for the synthesis of IONPs is co-precipitation.[9] However, nanoparticles (NPs) formed by liquid phase co-precipitation method are prone to aggregation in solution owing to large surface-area to volume ratio.[10] Thus, maintaining stability of IONP in the aqueous phase has remained a difficult task for the researchers.
Endogenous doesn’t always mean innocuous: a scoping review of iron toxicity by inhalation
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Jody Morgan, Robin Bell, Alison L. Jones
Epidemiological studies across a range of workplaces with high levels of iron oxide exposure demonstrated correlation to a range of disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a range of respiratory diseases. These results have not been well replicated in in vitro and in vivo models. Following inhalation of iron oxide-containing PM the particles are rapidly taken up into macrophages and epithelial cells with in vivo studies providing evidence of translocation of iron oxide particles to numerous organs including the brain. This is particularly relevant for UFPs including commercially generated NPs. Iron is able to become biosoluble following inhalation which generate ROS via the Fenton reaction leading to lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation. In agreement with this there have been suggestions that anti-oxidants such as omega 3 in fish oil, may lessen the oxidative effects of PM exposure (Romieu et al. 2008). There is also evidence that decreasing systemic Fe concentrations via phlebotomy might lead to a significant reduction in both primary all-cause mortality and secondary nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke outcomes in patients ≤ 55 years of age with the peripheral arterial disease (Zacharski, Shamayeva, and Chow 2011).