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Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Technology (Basic Remarks)
Published in K. S. Birdi, Surface Chemistry of Carbon Capture, 2019
The steel-making industry is a multi-step technology. This industry produces a combination of emissions, and the chemical processes constitute the estimated 1 Gt of CO2 emitted worldwide. Steel making generates CO2 as a result of carbon oxidation to carbon monoxide, which is required for the reduction of hematite ore (Fe2O3) to molten iron (pig iron). Another anthropogenic source of CO2 is the combination of coal-burning and limestone calcination. In the second stage of the steel-making process, the carbon content of pig iron is reduced in an oxygen-fired furnace from approximately 4–5% down to 0.1–1% and is known as the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process. Both these steps produce a steel-slag waste high in lime and iron content.
Time, Temperature, and Environmental Effects on Properties
Published in David W. Richerson, William E. Lee, Modern Ceramic Engineering, 2018
David W. Richerson, William E. Lee
Environments for oxide ceramics in metal melting and refining processes are even more severe than the conditions in glass-melting furnaces. An important example is the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process used in about 60% of iron production worldwide.31,32 BOS is a batch process conducted in a refractory-lined furnace referred to as the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). During a typical cycle, the BOF is first tilted and charged with up to 100 t of scrap steel and 250 t of 1300°C molten crude iron. The BOF is then turned upright, and oxygen is introduced through a water-cooled lance. CaO and CaF2 are added as flux to remove Si, P, and S and other impurities by formation of a slag. The BOF cycle is approximately 1 hour long, with the temperature reaching 1600–1700°C (~2900–3100°F) and the furnace lining bathed in churning molten slag and steel.
Normative expectations of government as a policy actor: the case of UK steel industry decarbonisation
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Pepa Ambrosio-Albala, Paul J. Upham, William F. Gale
Decarbonisation options include creating a market for near-zero emission steel, developing and increasing the maturity of earlier stage technologies, fostering scrap use for steel production(when and where possible), and accelerating material efficiency strategies. The latter could help reduce energy demand enormously (IEA 2020a; Milford et al. 2013; Norman, Garvey, and Barrett 2019). From a technological perspective, innovation is critical to deep emissions reductions. Technology performance improvements could deliver substantial emissions reductions by 2030 (IEA 2020c). So far, however, there is no agreement on which technology would be the most appropriate to decarbonise the industry (BEIS 2020a). Options that have drawn much attention include could CCUS and hydrogen-based production (Griffin and Hammond 2019; Mandova et al. 2019; Vogl, Åhman, and Nilsson 2018). For instance, primary steelmaking based on direct hydrogen reduction and electric arc furnaces can be competitive with blast furnaces – basic oxygen steelmaking (Pimm, Cockerill, and Gale 2021). However, of the available options, only CCUS, bioenergy, hydrogen or electrification would be able to achieve a low level of net GHG emissions (Pimm, Cockerill, and Gale 2021).1
Prediction of novel operating parameters using Six Sigma: A study in the steel making process
Published in Quality Management Journal, 2023
The initial way forward to problem resolving in this approach was in building a group of individuals connected to the operations involved. The XYZ company in India already had the human infrastructure as advocated by (Schroeder et al. 2008) and (Zu, Fredendall, and Douglas 2008) to facilitate the Six Sigma implementation to improve the process. This project team comprised the Head of the Black Belt (BB): – TQM Facilitation & CQA who was already trained in this field. The other team representatives were the Planning Manager, Maintenance Manager, and Quality Control Senior Engineer of the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking company. The BB was the chief/leader of the whole team and was in charge of the project to meet its objectives. The process owner of the project was the head of the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking company. The main concern was to boost up the representatives to grow better in coordination with the BB to achieve the goals. The master black belt (MBB) was known as the Head of TQM & CQA and was also acknowledged as the Champion of the project. Roughly 300-350 DMAIC projects are carried out every year in this company.
Quantification and analysis of slag carryover during liquid steel tapping from BOF vessel
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2022
Ashok Kamaraj, Gopi K. Mandal, Sethu P. Shanmugam, Gour G. Roy
A set of regularly available plant parameters related to the tapping process for around 150 heats were collected from the energy optimising furnace, one of the basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces (BOF) in an integrated steel plant. These data include the chemical composition of crude steel (except dissolved oxygen) and BOF slag, tapping temperature (TTAP), deoxidiser, and slag formers added during tapping. Deoxidisers were added during the middle of the tapping process. However, synthetic slag and lime were added after completing the tapping process. After tapping, the ladle was transferred to the ladle furnace station (LF) for further processing. During the transportation of ladle (around 10–15 min) to LF station, Ar stirring was done for 10–15 min to homogeneous the liquid steel. Both metal and slag samples were collected, and the temperature (TLF) was measured at the onset of refining operation in LF. The liquid steel sample from the ladle was collected using the lollypop sampler, and the composition was determined by the optical emission spectrometer (OES) technique.