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Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Published in Ashwani Kumar, Mangey Ram, Yogesh Kumar Singla, Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications, 2022
Vikram Hastak, Suresh Bandi, Ajeet K. Srivastav
Nanoconjugates made of two antibody fragments proved fruitful for being utilized in cell targeting. The internalization of IONPs was first targeted to JC (John Cunningham) virus oncoprotein, T antigen, for non-invasive detection of gene expression in the cell. JC virus is the human polyomavirus that damages the myelin sheath of neurons in the nervous systems in the name of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) disease. More than 80% of the population is infected with this JC virus. The most predominant cure for this virus is a 125I-labeled antibody coupled with CLIO (cross-linked iron oxide) nanoparticles. To accomplish this coupling, sulfo-SMCC (sulfosuccinimidyl-4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) had to be reacted with CLIO-NH2 to form maleimido-NPs. At the same time, the antibody separates into two monovalent halves by reacting with a 2-mercaptoethylamine (2-MEA) solution. The reaction was accompanied by heating and column purification in addition to pre-equilibrating the same with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) and EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid). The final step was the coupling of maleimido-NPs with antibody fragments to produce Ab-CLIO (antibody-CLIO) nanoconjugates [137]. Kohler et al. proposed the use of a biostable methotrexate-immobilized IONP drug carrier in real-time monitoring of drug delivery through MRI [8]. Gallo et al. reported an increment of 100–400 times of oxantrazole levels in the brain by incorporation of magnetic nanospheres than those obtained after solution dosage. The above works were a few examples of the success of magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery [138].
Progresses and emerging trends of arsenic research in the past 120 years
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Chengjun Li, Jiahui Wang, Bing Yan, Ai-Jun Miao, Huan Zhong, Wei Zhang, Lena Qiying Ma
Since being suggested as an effective drug for APL (Sun et al., 1992) with proven efficacy (Chen et al., 1997; Chen, et al., 1996), ATO has attracted worldwide interest throughout the 2000s. In recent years, there have been numerous clinical trials exploring this promising drug. For example, Zhang et al. (2010b) further proved that ATO controlled the fate of the PML-RARα (a fusion protein containing sequences from the PML zinc finger protein and retinoic acid receptor alpha) oncoprotein by directly binding PML, providing new insights into the drug’s mechanism of action and its specificity for APL. In the early 2010s, the possibility of the combined use of ATO and ATRA, which was firstly mentioned in Sanz et al. (2005) but without a reported experiment, had been explored with a promising complete remission rate (Iland et al., 2012; Lo-Coco et al., 2013). More recent clinical trials have demonstrated that the immense majority of APL patients can be cured by the combination of two targeted therapies (Abaza et al., 2017) with the mouse model explaining its mechanisms (Ablain et al., 2014; Vitaliano-Prunier et al., 2014), suggesting that APL is now curable (de Thé et al., 2017). However, despite the ATRA/ATO combination being able to cure the vast majority of APL patients, including both high-risk and low-risk patients with APL (Abaza et al., 2017; de Thé et al., 2017; Platzbecker, et al., 2017), there is still a significant fraction of APL patients (high-risk subgroups, elderly and frail patients) failing to achieve disease eradication (Pallavi et al., 2019). Therefore, exploration of the underlying mechanisms and additional recommended treatments for these patient groups are needed, which could be the research trends in the next few years.
The potential interaction of environmental pollutants and circadian rhythm regulations that may cause leukemia
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel, Błażej Kudłak, Wen Liu, Michael J. Williams, Helgi B. Schiöth
Plasticizers, produced for nearly 100 years, have become ubiquitous in society and are found in a variety of everyday products. Many of these have been shown to participate in the development of diseases when they are introduced into the body by inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption (Zarus et al., 2021). Some of these such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates and perfluorinated chemicals can act as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) with significant consequences including infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), precocious puberty, hormone-dependent tumors, such as breast and prostate cancer, and several metabolic disorders linked to cancer (Braun et al., 2013; Dematteo et al., 2012; Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., 2009; Loganathan et al., 2019). BPA is widely used in plastics intended for direct contact with food, including plastic packaging, coatings of cans and jar caps, as well as kitchenware. BPA at nanomolar concentrations promotes the proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells and reduces their sensitivity to daunorubicin and cytarabine by causing an increase in IL-4 levels through NFAT1, and increasing IL-6 levels through the NF‐κB pathway (Zhang et al., 2020). However, leukemic cells were also shown to be more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of BPA than other types of cancer cells, with apoptosis cascades being activated more rapidly in leukemic cells (Terasaka et al., 2005). NB4 cells that possess the PML-RARA fusion protein were the most sensitive to BPA, which induced their differentiation and activated apoptosis pathways by causing an increase in the levels of p21, p27, p16 and RB, while decreasing those of cyclin D1 (Bontempo et al., 2009). Interestingly, in mouse pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, BPA has altered the circadian clock, mainly in the BMAL1, PER2 and REV-ERBa genes, and also caused an increase in the binding of BMAL1 to its target promoters that they are reflected in deleterious effects on the expression of neuropeptides (Loganathan et al., 2019).