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Radionuclide Examination of the Kidneys
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
For calculation of BSA, many alternative regression equations have been developed. The most frequently used equations produce similar results, while others should be used with caution [27, 28]. In several respects, BSA as index of body size is not ideal. Its critics argue that body surface area calculated from the patient’s weight and height is not essentially different from the measurement of weight alone and that renal function is linked to metabolic rate rather than body weight or BSA, although both parameters have loose correlation with metabolic rate. Indexing to BSA has little consequence in a population with normal body size, but potentially significant effects in children and obese patients. In the past, alternative indices other than BSA have been proposed (the patient’s age, weight, height, body mass index, lean body mass, total body water, plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, cardiac output, fractal volume of distribution, liver size, metabolic rate, or tabulation of normal GFR values for specific groups of patients without scaling). Up to now, the clinical community has not accepted any of them. Insistence on BSA seems to be reasonable because the merits of its abandoning in favour of more logical indices would not justify the upheaval it would involve [29]. It should be realized that GFR indexed to BSA may underestimate true renal function in obese patients and underestimate or overestimate true renal function in children. In these patients, the normalized values should be interpreted with caution.
Trivalent Chromium
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Harry G. Preuss, Debasis Bagchi
Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism that functions mainly through optimizing insulin sensitivity [1–3]. The precise mechanism(s) behind its effect on insulin function is uncertain, however, less than optimal intakes of chromium by individuals ingesting average diets have been associated with diminished insulin binding and receptor number [2]. Despite a shortcoming of detailed knowledge, the propensity to find harmful intensified insulin resistance (IR) during aging can potentially be prevented, delayed, and/or ameliorated by trivalent chromium replacement which, in turn, should prevent the onset of a number of common chronic disorders linked to IR [4–9]. Aside from diabetes type 2, chromium can be useful to direct overall metabolism toward fat loss with a proclivity to spare lean body mass [10–12]. Another potential benefit could be a longer, more healthful, and productive lifespan [13].
Body Composition in Competitive Male Sports Groups
Published in Philip D. Bust, Contemporary Ergonomics 2006, 2020
J.A. Wallace, E. Egan, K. George, T. Reilly
The main finding of this present study was that participation in sport at an elite level is associated with a greater lean body mass, a reduced body fat percentage and increased BMC and BMD compared with normal values. This observation supports the belief that participation in sport causes beneficial physiological adaptations (Andreoli et al, 2001). In this study lean mass was increased by 6% and 25% and percent body fat was reduced by 5.5% and 4% in soccer and Rugby Union players respectively compared to control subjects. These trends are in agreement with Calbet et al (2001) and Elloumi et al (2005) who established similar differences for their soccer and Rugby players, compared to controls. However, Babic et al (2001) reported sizeably higher % body fat values in Croatian Rugby players. The differentiating levels of sport participation and professionalism between the players in these studies is the likely the cause of these disparities.
Improved metabolic fitness, but no cardiovascular health effects, of a low-frequency short-term combined exercise programme in 50–70-year-olds with low fitness: A randomized controlled trial
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Tina-Thea Nielsen, Trine K. Møller, Niels D. Olesen, Mette K. Zebis, Christian Ritz, Nikolai Nordsborg, Peter R. Hansen, Peter Krustrup
Interestingly, a significant loss of fat mass of about 1.6 kg and a 2.6% reduction in fat percentage in TG were observed despite the low training frequency. This is consistent with previous findings in elderly subjects training at moderate intensity and low frequency (Nielsen et al., 2019). The observed reductions in android fat and total fat mass indicate improved metabolic health, as excess body fat is associated with hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and increased risk of CVD (Booth, Magnuson, & Foster, 2014). Total/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased and lean body mass significantly increased in TG. Higher lean body mass, relative to body size, is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lower risk of prediabetes (Srikanthan & Karlamangla, 2011), suggesting a possible metabolic health benefit for the participants in our study, especially in combination with the observation of reduced total fat mass.
Associations between Spanish children’s physical activity and physical fitness with lean body mass: The CALINA study
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Diana Paola Córdoba-Rodríguez, Iris Iglesia, Alejandro Gómez-Bruton, María L Miguel-Berges, Paloma Flores-Barrantes, José Antonio Casajús, Luis A. Moreno, Gerardo Rodríguez
Lean body mass (LBM) is mainly constituted by muscle mass, internal organ non-adipose components, and extracellular fluid (Kuriyan, 2018). In recent years, LBM has been considered to play an essential role in growth maintenance, normal development, and systemic glucose metabolism in children (Liu et al., 2019). It has also been associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (Kim & Valdez, 2015), affecting bone health (bone mineral density and structure in both sexes during childhood) (Dorsey et al., 2010; Sioen et al., 2016), and cognitive development (Scheurer et al., 2018), among others. Studies on children and adolescents with low lean mass showed a higher cardiometabolic risk (Kim & Valdez, 2015), related to significantly higher waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values (Burrows et al., 2017; Luis Luis Gracia-Marco et al., 2016). Other studies have shown an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (Burrows et al., 2017; Kim & Park, 2016; Kim et al., 2016). In this regard, the literature revealed that those presenting a phenotype combining low lean mass and obesity had the most unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile (Burrows et al., 2017). Therefore, low levels of lean mass in children and adolescents may represent a public health problem and a burden on the health system for future stages in life.
Influence of resistance training load on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in maximal strength and neuromuscular task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Martin C. Refalo, D. Lee Hamilton, D. Robert Paval, Iain J. Gallagher, Simon A. Feros, Jackson J. Fyfe
A total of 10 studies used either DXA (Franco et al., 2019; Morton et al., 2016; Ribeiro et al., 2020; Taaffe et al., 1996; Tanimoto et al., 2008; Vargas et al., 2019), BodPod (Au et al., 2017; Rana et al., 2008), bioelectrical impedance analysis (Richardson et al., 2019) or skinfolds (Schuenke et al., 2012) to measure changes in lean body mass (LBM) or fat-free mass. Six (Au et al., 2017; Morton et al., 2016; Rana et al., 2008; Ribeiro et al., 2020; Schuenke et al., 2012; Tanimoto et al., 2008) of the 10 studies found no differences between loading conditions, one study (Vargas et al., 2019) demonstrated an advantage for high-load RT, while another (Franco et al., 2019) showed the opposite effect. Two studies (Richardson et al., 2019; Taaffe et al., 1996) found no change in LBM from pre- to post-training in both loading conditions.