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Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Thalassemia is an important hemoglobin disorder. The basic pathophysiology is the genetic defect that results in abnormal globin synthesis. At present, thalassemia is common in several tropical countries, especially for tropical Southeast Asia. The bone defect and hepatosplenomegaly are common sequel in thalassemia. Many patients require transfusion therapy for correction of anemic problem. The risk of this transfusion treatment is well known. The iron overload is a common complication in the patient with polytransfusion and requires iron chelation therapy. At present, the gold standard for the effective treatment of thalassemia is stem cell therapy. Hence, the role of tissue engineering for management of thalassemia is confirmed (Felfly and Haddad, 2014). Many studies are in development and trial phases. The good examples are on the management of thalassemia-related wound. Afradi et al. (2017) reported on the use of tissue engineering technology in treatment of 100 chronic thalassemic leg wounds by plasma-rich platelets. Afradi et al. (2017) reported using new platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel consisting of cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and a fibrin scaffold derived from a patient’s blood and noted that the technique was useful in wound management in thalassemic patient.
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Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Amit Madeshiya, Pradipta Banerjee, Suman Santra, Nandini Ghosh, Sayantani Karmakar, Debasis Bagchi, Sashwati Roy, Amitava Das
Cells in the redox state are usually dependent on iron (and copper) redox couple and are maintained within strict physiological limits. Rate of iron absorption in the proximal intestine and rate of iron released are prevented by homeostatic mechanism. Unused cellular iron by other ferroproteins accumulates in ferretin, and its iron-binding capacity is limited. Hemochromatosis is a typical condition where patients suffer from iron overload causing severe organ damage. Interestingly, free iron can generate damaging reactive free radicals via the Fenton reaction [6] (Figure 1.1). Free iron has deleterious effects. When an organism is overloaded with iron, the Fenton reaction plays a significant role in vivo. The superoxide radicals generated participate in the Haber–Weiss reaction. It is a combination of the Fenton reaction and the reduction of Fe(III) by superoxide (Figure 1.1).
Nanoencapsulation of Iron for Nutraceuticals
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Naveen Shivanna, Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Teenu Sharma, Farhath Khanum
Excess of iron, or overload of iron, is termed as hemochromatosis, wherein iron accumulates in the body. The most important factor is heredity, a genetic disorder with a genetic defect in HLA-H gene region on chromosome 6, leading to low level of hepcidin, a key regulatory enzyme for entry of iron into the circulatory system, resulting eventually in excessive iron and hemochromatosis (Serra et al., 2009). Repeated blood transfusion results in a condition called transfusional iron overload. Excess in the availability of iron to bind iron transport protein transferrin leads to iron toxicity. Excessive levels of free iron in the blood react with peroxides, leading to the generation of highly reactive free radicals that can damage macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, DNA, and other cellular components through Fenton reaction (Eaton and Qian, 2002). Iron toxicity is also observed in aging disorders such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease (Altamura and Muckenthaler, 2009).
Selective removal of iron(III), lead(II) and copper(II) ions by polar crude phytochemicals recovered from ten South African plants: identification of plant phytochemicals
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Hillary K. Tanui, Ahmed A. Hussein, Robert C. Luckay
Without water, life would not exist. About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water and 96% of all that are the oceans (USGS 2020). The balance is freshwater but not all of it is palatable due to pollution from the environment and human anthropogenic activities (Khatri and Tyagi 2015). The pollutants in water among others are heavy metal ions e.g., Fe(III), Pb(II), Cu(II), etc. Pb(II) has adverse effects on the human body. It is among the non-essential metal ions for the body thus its accumulation in body tissues results in poisoning (Gall et al.2015) which manifests as headaches, irritability, abdominal pain, and nervous system disorders (Järup 2003). Pb(II) is quite toxic for young children as it competes with Ca(II) and results in complications such as stunted growth. Pb(II) poisoning could result in anemic condition since lead interferes with heme production (Flora et al.2012). Fe(III) poisoning is normally referred to as overload since it is an essential mineral. This can be due to hereditary haemochromatosis (HHC) or β-thallasaemia which is iron overload that goes hand-in-hand with blood transfusions (Hider and Kong 2013). Excess Fe(III) in water can lead to poisoning for persons with poor Fe(III) elimination from the body (Sane et al.2018). The poisoning affects the liver, heart, and endocrine glands (Andrews 1999). Copper is an essential mineral in trace amount, required for the aerobic function of the body (Sigel et al.2013). Copper poisoning causes upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea and body tissue injury (Bremner 1998).
Effect of sub-chronic ferrous sulfate treatment on motor skills, hematological and biochemical parameters in rats
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
Mohamed Ammari, Miryam Elferchichi, Haifa Othman, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek
Iron supplements where iron exists as ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) or ferrous gluconate (C12H22FeO14) and multivitamins with iron and carbonyl iron (an iron plus carbon monoxide combination) can cause iron overload if used excessively (iron poisoning). This iron intake will usually not result in hemosiderosis or hemochromatosis if used in excess over a short period but may cause some acute symptoms of iron poisoning. Long-term intake of excessive iron supplements, however, will result in hemosiderosis (iron overload) which may then be followed by hemochromatosis (iron toxicity). Iron poisoning is one of the most common types of poisoning in children which may lead to death.15 Accidental ingestion is common because iron containing compounds are readily available, brightly colored, often sugar coated, and frequently considered harmless vitamins by parents.16 Iron supplements are typically used to treat anemia. Modalities include: diet, parasite control,17 vitamin A, riboflavin (B2),18 vitamin C (for absorption), folate (B9), vitamin B12, and multivitamin–multimineral supplements with or without iron.
Development of new amphiphilic bio-organic assemblies for potential applications in iron-binding and targeting tumor cells
Published in Soft Materials, 2019
Mindy M. Hugo, Ipsita A. Banerjee
Iron plays important and diverse roles in many life processes including growth and proliferation of cells, maintaining homeostasis and numerous metabolic processes (1). It can alternate between ferrous (Fe+2) and ferric (Fe+3) oxidation states, which allows it to donate or accept an electron from a variety of biomolecules in the cell (3). This feature allows iron to mediate redox reactions that in turn can generate free radicals that have been suggested to influence intracellular signaling pathways (2). Iron catalyzes the Fenton reaction, which involves the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to ·OH + OH−. This reaction generates free radicals that cause oxidative damage to DNA, activate oncogenes, and inactivate tumor suppressor genes which can stimulate uncontrolled cell growth (4–6). Iron is also essential in the activation of certain cell cycle regulatory proteins as well as enzymes such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase, ribonucleotide reductase, and DNA polymerase complexes (7–9). Iron overload on the other hand has been implicated in debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons, β-Thalassemia, hemochromatosis, and cancer, (10,11). To overcome this, strategies have been developed to attenuate iron overload as a potential therapeutic approach. Iron deprivation has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest in late G1 or in the S phase and induce cancer cells to become apoptotic (12–14).