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Blood Chemistry Measurement
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
CO-oximetry has been noted for some time as the gold standard for oximetry readings. The more typical CO-oximeter does not measure just oxygen saturation but several hemoglobin concentrations. For example, the Instrumentation Laboratory, Inc., IL 282 CO-oximeter uses an invasively drawn sample and measures total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, COHb, MetHb, and oxygen content in blood. The measurement technique is optical absorption. Four wavelengths at 535, 585.2, 594.5, and 626.6 nm are generated using a hollow cathode lamp. The extinction coefficients are used to calculate the concentration of RHb, O2Hb, COHb, and MetHb. The total hemoglobin (tHb) concentration is calculated as the sum of the individual hemoglobin groups. The oxygen saturation (SaO2) is calculated as the concentration of oxyhemoglobin divided by the total CtHb. The total hemoglobin concentration, however, is usually noted as only the oxyhemoglobin concentration divided by the concentration of RHb and oxyhemoglobin. Therefore, care must be used in comparisons, because variations in SaO2 calculations can occur. The oxygen content is calculated as 1.39 times the concentration of oxyhemoglobin [29].
Role of Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) for Clinical Applications
Published in Raju Khan, Chetna Dhand, S. K. Sanghi, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, A. B. P. Mishra, Advanced Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics, 2022
Arpana Parihar, Dipesh Singh Parihar, Pushpesh Ranjan, Raju Khan
The CO-oximetry unit is a multiwavelength spectrophotometer that measures the typical absorption spectra of various hemoglobin (Hb) species in order to differentiate O2–Hb from other Hb species and calculate the O2–Hb saturation number [89]. The combined analysis of plasma clotting, thrombocyte function, and fibrinolysis is known as viscoelastic coagulation testing [90]. The ROTEM from TEM International (Munich, Germany) and the Sonoclot series from Sienco Inc. (Boulder, CO) are two commercially available instruments. Platelet function in terms of in vitro bleeding time can be assessed using optical aggregometry [91].
Interrelationships between changes in erythropoietin, plasma volume, haemoglobin concentration, and total haemoglobin mass in endurance athletes
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Dariusz Sitkowski, Zbigniew Szygula, Andrzej Pokrywka, Dariusz Turowski, Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska
EPO was determined by ELISA assay kit (R&D Systems, USA), while [Hb] by haematology analyser Coulter MicroDiff (Beckman, USA) or ADVIA 120 (Bayer, Germany) in lALT. tHb-mass and PV were determined by optimized carbon monoxide (CO) re-breathing method (Schmidt & Prommer, 2005). Typical error of this method, assessed before ATC in the first and second year of study, amounted to 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively. During the tests at sea level, the administered gas mixture consisted of 0.8 mL·kg−1 body mass (in females) or 1.0 mL·kg−1 body mass (in males) of CO and 99.5% of O2. However, at the altitude, to keep the molar volume of CO, the volume of CO was adjusted in accordance with the decrease in barometric pressure. Blood was sampled (105 µl heparinised capillaries) from hyperaemised earlobes in the following order: just before the test (4 samples) and in the 6th (2 samples), and 8th (3 samples) minutes from the beginning of the 2-min gas mixture inhalation via spirometer (SpiCO; Blood tec, Germany). The samples served to determine the percentage value of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO%) by using a CO-oximeter (ABL 80 Flex, Radiometer, Denmark). Special computer software (Blood Volume Measurements: SpiCO; Blood tec, Bayreuth, Germany) was employed to calculate tHb-mass and PV.