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Applied Ergonomics of Cycling Performance
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Michael D. Kennedy, William N. Lampe
The lower muscular force per pedal stroke required at higher pedalling cadences would be metabolically favorable during longer bouts of cycling, reducing the development of muscular fatigue and the cyclist’s ratings of perceived exertion (Lollgen et al., 1980; Lucia et al., 2001). In addition, there may be hemodynamic and neuromuscular benefits to adopting higher cadences that are more relevant during prolonged exercise (Gotshall et al., 1996; Lucia et al., 2001, 2004; Takaishi et al., 1996), shifting the most economical cadence upwards as exercise duration increases. Evidence indicates that these hemodynamic benefits across a range of cadences often adopted by cyclists (70–110 rpm) include increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure concomitant with lower vascular resistance (Gotshall et al., 1996). These benefits are suggested to be mediated through the skeletal muscle pump, which may be more effective in increasing blood flow and venous return at higher cadences (Gotshall et al., 1996; Lucia et al., 2001, 2004; Takaishi et al., 1996).
Stability analysis and prediction of pacing in elite 1500 m freestyle male swimmers
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2020
Jorge E. Morais, Tiago M. Barbosa, Pedro Forte, José A. Bragada, Flávio A. de Souza Castro, Daniel A. Marinho
There are two basic strategies for increasing speed: or increasing stroke length or increasing stroke frequency (or both combined) (Craig & Pendergast, 1979). Long-distance events depend heavily on swimming savings (more energy cost, lower performance). It is known that increases in speed due to the increase in stroke frequency induce sharp increases in energy costs. On the other hand, increases in the stroke length lead to lower increases in energy costs (Barbosa et al., 2008). Therefore, it was expected that SL would be a better predictor of performance because it allows speed increases with lower energy costs. However, was pointed out that long-distance elite athletes such as cyclists (as a cyclic and closed sport like swimming) seem to privilege the SF over the SL (Abbiss et al., 2009). It was highlighted that elite cyclists that maintained a higher cadence increased their power output based on a high mechanical efficiency and maximal aerobic capacity (Reed et al., 2016). Our data seems to also suggest this rational for long-distance swimmers. In this sense, studies about the energy cost of long-distance swimming comparing both strategies (i.e., focus on SL or SF) are required to understand if swimmers can improve their performances based on the SF strategy.
Changes in mechanical power output in rowing by varying stroke rate and gearing
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Steffen Held, Tobias Siebert, Lars Donath
Movement speed and power output of stretch-shortening-cycles (SSC) are generally trending towards an optimum (Komi, 2003). This is due to the force-velocity relation and the activation dynamics of the muscles (Van Soest & Casius, 2000). An optimal-trend (between SCC-movement speed and power output) exists during SSC, if a particular movement speed is necessary for a maximum power output. Consequently, if the SSC-movement is too fast or too slow, a maximum power output cannot be generated (Komi, 2003). For example, swimming velocity decreases, if the stroke rate increases over a certain (optimal) value (Craig & Pendergast, 1979; Garland, Hiobs, & Kleshnev, 2009) and an optimal cadence allows the maximum power outputs in cycling competition (Van Soest & Casius, 2000). During cycling, each power output can be linked to a specific (optimal) cadence, which is characterised by minimal muscle activations (MacIntosh, Neptune, & Horton, 2000). It is however unclear, whether relevant SSC movement-parameters in rowing, such as stroke rate, gearing and drag factor, have to be maximised to obtain maximum power output or if an optimum relation emerges. The stroke rate (number of rowing-cycles per minute; measured in strokes per minute – spm) determines the duration of the SSC. The gearing (ratio between inner and outer lever of the oar, Kleshnev, 2016) significantly determines the resistance-requirements during the propulsive-phase of rowing (Aktinsopht, 2010). Accordingly, gearing affects leg movement and power output during SSC in rowing.
Continuous forearm cooling attenuates gastrointestinal temperature increase during cycling
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Eric T. Hedge, Kathryn A. Zuj, Alexander G. Stothart, Erica H. Gavel, Len S. Goodman, Andrew J.M. Buckrell, Sean D. Peterson
Pedal cadence was continuously monitored using a cycling cadence sensor (Garmin International, Inc., Olathe, KS, USA), and recorded by TrainerRoad. Cadence drift and comparisons between conditions were made using 5-minute averages at the beginning and end of exercise.