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Turn performance and flight maneuvers
Published in Mohammad H. Sadraey, Aircraft Performance, 2017
The turn with a low bank angle (i.e., shallow turn) is considered as the simplest flight maneuver. The bank angle is defined as the angle between the xy plane and the horizontal (from front view). In a turn, the aircraft will fly through all or part of a circle. The circle or loop could be horizontal, vertical, or at an angle relative to the horizontal. In this section, we begin our analysis with the simplest case; that is, the horizontal (i.e., level) turn. In order for an aircraft to have a coordinated turn, that is, maintain a constant radius, it is necessary to have the following two rotations: (1) rotation about the x-axis (roll) and (2) rotation about the z-axis (yaw). In this situation, one half of the wing (say right side) moves down and other half of the wing (say left side) moves up, and thus, the aircraft begins to turn around an imaginary center. On the other hand, in order for the aircraft to maintain the altitude, the third rotation is also needed, that is, rotation about the y-axis (pitch). This will compensate the loss of lift through an increase in the aircraft angle of attack (α). The detail and reasons for these three rotations will be explained later in this chapter. A turn is made by banking the wings in the direction of the desired turn. A turn is considered more efficient when it yields a higher turn rate and a lower turn radius.
1 Understanding the vessel
Published in D. S. Bist, Safety and Security at Sea, 2013
The use of less than maximum rudder angle will make the turn larger and slower. Ignoring fractions, we can add 1 minute to the duration to make it 4 minutes. A larger turn will mean more advance. In 4 minutes the 1.5 knot current will set the vessel 1 cable ahead adding to the distance, which will be further increased by the lower rate of turn before coming steady on course 090°. On the other hand, the wind will push the ship in the direction of the new course, thus decreasing the advance slightly.
The effect of rollover protection systems and trailers on quad bike stability
Published in International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2020
Björn Edlund, Ola Lindroos, Tomas Nordfjell
To measure the static tilt angle, a tilt table (510 cm long by 390 cm wide) designed for testing heavy machines was used (Figures 1 and 2). The table had the capacity to tilt up to a maximum angle of 48.5° at maximum speed of 10.5° per minute. It was, however, tilted at a substantially lower speed when approaching the tipping point. Before raising the tilt table, the quad bike was positioned and secured with safety lines attached to the front and rear load racks as well as to the trailer (when one was attached) in order to prevent a complete overturn (Figure 1). The quad bike’s brakes were mechanically locked by inserting a bolt through the ventilation holes on the brake discs. Sliding was prevented in both Study A and Study B, but by different means (for details see the sections below for each Study). The static tilt angle was defined as the angle at which the table had to be raised for two of the quad bike’s or trailer’s wheels to be no longer in contact with the tilt table’s surface. The angle was measured with an inclinometer with a scale of 360° per turn, and with a 0.25° accuracy.
Analysis of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Corrugated Porous Fin Heat Sinks
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2021
Shripad A. Upalkar, Sanjeet Kumar, Shankar Krishnan
In a corrugated passage (shown in Figure 1), flowing fluid needs to go through a series of pressure drop elements in the system. They can be summarized as (a) 90° turn from x-direction to y-direction, (b) contraction of flow through porous material, (c) pressure drop in the porous material, (d) expansion of flow to exit conduit and (e) another 90° turn to the x-direction. From a pressure drop perspective, reducing parasitic losses due to 90° turning angles can be considered without compromising the heat transfer area by including converging-diverging passages. This forms the focus of our ongoing effort.