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Operation and Maintenance
Published in A.J. Pansini, K.D. Smalling, Guide to Electric Power Generation, 2020
These will vary with the type of engine, the only instrument common to all is a: Tachometer for registering speeds of rotation in rpm. For internal combustion engines (similar to cars) there are also:Temperature of coolant.Lubricating oil level and pressure.Alternator output for ignition and for charging of battery, if any.Fuel gauge, indicating rate of consumption.Air flow meter for air supplied for combustion.Exhaust CO and CO2 content.Thermometers for measuring inlet and outlet temperatures where external cooling devices for coolants are used.Water flow gauge for measuring water input and velocity for hydroelectric installations.
Refrigeration
Published in Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein, Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 2020
Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein
For the compressor power consumed, multiply the work per cycle by the compressor speed, N, in rpm. With the pressure in lb./ft.2 and the volume in ft.3, the work is in ft.-lb. Multiplying by rpm gives the power in ft.-lb/min, which, if divided by 33,000, yields horsepower. The resultant equation isW˙=nn−1p1(V1−V4)N(1−(p2p1)n−1n)
Design Considerations for Switched Reluctance Machines
Published in Berker Bilgin, James Weisheng Jiang, Ali Emadi, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, 2019
Rotational speed of the rotor can be expressed in revolutions per minute (rpm) nm, revolutions per second (rev/s, Hz) fm (or fmech), or radians per second (rad/s) ωm. Revolutions per minute (rpm) is frequently used to express the rotational speed of a motor. The relationship between angular speed (also called angular frequency), ωm, and nm is: () ωm=π30nm
A parametric analysis of factors that determine head injury outcomes following equestrian fall accidents
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2021
J. Michio Clark, Kevin Adanty, Andrew Post, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Aisling Ni Annaidh, Michael D. Gilchrist
All impacts in this study were conducted with a rail guided launcher (RGL) (Figure 1). The launcher consisted of a frame with two 3.3 m long rails attached. An electric motor was at one end of the frame and it powered two trailer wheels that were used to accelerate the carriage down the rails. The electric motor was controlled electronically for which the revolutions per minute (RPM) could be adjusted. The carriage had a fin which would pass through the trailer wheels when the carriage was released. By adjusting the RMP of the electric motor, the desired impact velocity could be set. The carriage ran along the rails on ball bearing bushings to reduce the effects of friction. The headform was attached to the carriage and was launched towards the other end of the frame at which a foam stopper was located. The stopper allowed the headform to be released from the carriage when the carriage was stopped and the headform then continued on its trajectory. The frame of the RGL was adjustable between 0° and 30° in increments of 5°. Foam anvils were placed on an adjustable ramp that was supported by a steel frame (Figure 1). The ramp could also be adjusted and secured rigidly in place between 0° and 30° in increments of 5°. The adjustable ramp and RGL frame provided an effective range of impact angles relative to the ground of between 0° and 60°. A photoelectric time gate was attached to the frame of the RGL, just prior to the stopper, to calculate velocity. Projectile motion equations and the velocity measured by the photoelectric time gate were used to calculate the inbound velocity of the headform. This was necessary as there was a significant distance and height difference between where the headform was released and the impact location on the anvil.
Co-pyrolysis of Juliflora biomass with low-density polyethylene for bio-oil synthesis
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Midhun Prasad k, Murugavelh Somasundaram
The experiments were conducted in an auger reactor made of stainless steel. The length of the reactor is 1.49 m and width is 0.29 m, internal diameter of the tubular reactor is 0.16 m shown in Figure 1. A screw feeder inside delivers the feedstock. The reactor consists of mainly five components (1) feed hopper, (2) inconel tube which served as a reactor, (3) electrical furnace, (4) condensing column, and (5) control unit. Feed hopper delivers the biomass into the reactor. The hopper is designed to hold 8 kg of JF biomass, the conical shape helps in uniform flow of biomass. Tubular reactor has a capacity of 14 kg. The rotation of the screw helps in the movement of feed from the hopper to the end of the reactor. The screw feeder is coupled with a shaft on the both sides, one end is connected with the motor for the rotation of the shaft and the other end is fixed with a bearing to avoid vibration in shaft. Furnace acts as the source of heat. The tubular reactor is covered by furnace by its all sides and the edges are coated with heat-resistance material to avoid heat loss in the furnace. The coil present inside the furnace heats the walls of the reactor. Heat is transferred from the wall of the tubular reactor to the biomass. The vapor liberated from the reactor is condensed using a condensing column of 5,000 ml capacity. The condensation of volatile gas components is achieved by circulating chilled water at 10°C. The reactor is supplemented with a control panel which consists of eight segment Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller made of siemens S7-1500, which helps for the fixing of temperature and heating rate for the reaction. A tachometer is provided for measuring theROTATION PER MINUTE (RPM) of the shaft. The temperature at various sections of the reactor is monitored using six k-type thermocouples of Emerson Rosemount 214°C temperature sensor.
A conceptual design of a solar powered UAV and assessment for continental climate flight conditions
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Irem Turk, Emre Ozbek, Selcuk Ekici, T. Hikmet Karakoc
The ESC (Electronic Speed Controller), which controls the motor throttle, is an important component for electric UAVs. It uses a pulse width modification technique to control the motor RPM using signals from transmitter or autopilot throttle command. The ESC was simply selected as the motor brand’s suggested ESC, which was the Flame 80 A. The propulsion system components are shown in Figure 11. The electronic propulsion system converts electrical power to mechanical power.