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Classical Statistics and Modern Machine Learning
Published in Mark Chang, Artificial Intelligence for Drug Development, Precision Medicine, and Healthcare, 2020
Blinding can be imposed on the investigator, the experimental subjects, the sponsor who finances the experiment, or any combination of these actors. In a single-blind experiment, the individual subjects do not know whether they have been assigned to the experimental group or the control group. Single-blind experimental design is used where the experimenters either must know the full facts (for example, when comparing sham to real surgery). However, there is a risk that subjects are influenced by interaction with the experimenter—known as the experimenter’s bias. In double-blind experiments, both the investigator and experimental subjects have no knowledge of the group to which they are assigned. A double-blind study is usually better than a single-blind study in terms of bias reduction. In a triple-blind experiment, the patient, investigator, and sponsor are all blinded from the treatment group.
Governing the Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems
Published in Maurizio Tinnirello, The Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Protocol IV of the CCW on blinding lasers is considered “a very successful pre-emptive ban, since no State has ever employed permanently blinding lasers in armed conflict.”44 However, some worry that if a treaty banning AWS were to be established, states may look for loopholes in the agreement. They insist that new weapon systems that provide an important advantage to one side are likely to be adopted by its adversaries, leading to the erosion of existing legal frameworks as was the case with airplanes and submarines.45
Healthcare Delivery Systems
Published in A. Ravi Ravindran , Paul M. Griffin , Vittaldas V. Prabhu , Service Systems Engineering and Management, 2018
A. Ravi Ravindran , Paul M. Griffin , Vittaldas V. Prabhu
Blinding (to remove or equalize biases due to patient’s desire to please and investigator’s enthusiasm)—neither the patient nor the investigator knows which group patients are assigned until the end of the experiment.
Design and verification of improved CMERE against power analysis attacks
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2020
Hridoy Jyoti Mahanta, Abhilash Chakraborty, Ajoy Kumar Khan
Blinding tries to mask the operations or secret values like keys which required for encryption and decryption. It is possible to mask the message (message blinding) or exponent (exponent blinding) whereas, the randomisation approach tries and randomise the bits of the above-mentioned values or operation itself. A greater overlook has been provided in [9] to all these techniques.