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Thermal Imaging for Inflammatory Arthritis Evaluation
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
The study design limits the results of the present study because neither criteria for recruiting patients and controls nor clear outcomes have been defined. Since the sonographers were not blinded to the clinical information; there would have been a certain observer bias. Hence, randomized blinded control study should be adopted in future to eliminate observer bias.
Redistributed Manufacturing and the Impact of Big Data: A Consumer Goods Perspective
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2019
Mohamed Zaki, Babis Theodoulidis, Philip Shapira, Andy Neely, Matthias Friedrich Tepel
We use an exploratory and qualitative method to investigate the development of RDM in a sector (consumer goods production). Multiple case studies are employed to enhance reliability and minimize observer bias (Stebbins 2001; Voss, Tsikriktsis, and Frohlich 2002). This approach addresses the diverse units of analysis within the cases (manufacturing configurations and big data applications). Following Yin (2013), a cross-cutting approach was adopted to investigate these units, with case selection based on specific criteria. Four focal groups were selected within the consumer goods sector: food products and soft drinks, premium cosmetics and personal care products, clothing and consumer electronics. These industries were chosen to provide a contrast in terms of the characteristics of the products manufactured, the major type of market served, product life cycles, and technological intensity.
Developing a product–service system through a productisation strategy: a case from the 3PL industry
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Andrew Lahy, Ai Qiang Li, Pauline Found, Aris Syntetos, Mike Wilson, Nicole Ayiomamitou
Additionally, our case study method of participant observation had potential for bias (Yin 2009). For example, the participant observers may not have enough time to make notes or raise questions since they are so much focused on ‘participating’. The participant observer is also prone to become a supporter of the group or organisation being studied. To avoid the observer bias, the participant observer worked closely with the wider researcher team to validate their interpretation (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill 2012) of the data collected.
How to align logistics environmental sustainability with corporate strategy? An Italian perspective
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2023
Lorenzo Bruno Prataviera, Alessandro Creazza, Sara Perotti, Vasco Sanchez Rodrigues
We designed a semi-structured interview questionnaire (provided in Appendix A) to collect data rigorously while allowing interviewees to follow any line of inquiry which they deemed relevant for the study’s purposes (Voss, Tsikriktsis, and Frohlich 2002). The widely adopted and accepted format of the funnel model was used, sharing the interview questionnaire in advance to allow interviewees to prepare. This also allowed companies to involve people who were the best possible informants for our study and ensured that interviewees were aware of their companies’ green actions. Two interviews were conducted for each case, and multiple investigators were involved to mitigate observer bias as suggested by Yin (2014). Interviews involved different types of workers and managers, engaging with logistics and supply chain functions as well as sustainability managers or employees. This provided different viewpoints from different functional domains within firms. At least two interviewees were involved for each of the thirteen cases. While it was not always possible to interview the same number and type of workers and managers in every company (because of different organisational structures, implying in some instances that sustainability matters fell under the remit of different functions – as in the case of Shipper 1 as opposed to the case of LSP 3), the selection of the informants allowed for a complementary view on the joint themes of logistics and sustainability regardless of the job title of the interviewees. In other words, when selecting the informants, we first took account of how the organisational structure of each company was arranged, what kind of competences and responsibilities the various managers had, and then we involved as informants those professionals that could offer appropriate insights on the themes investigated in this research. In this way we worked towards ensuring the complementary of the informants, and the information provided by the interviewees in each sample company offered a well-rounded view, thus contributing together to the different explored research themes.