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Innovative Graphics – Enabling Change by Thinking Science
Published in Tarun Grover, Mugdha Thareja, Science in Design, 2020
“Experimentation” is something of a buzzword in contemporary graphic design. An experiment is a test or investigation, planned to provide evidence for or against a hypothesis – an assumption which is put forward in order to be verified or modified. When a designer is working toward producing a piece of work, a series of visual tests or design experiments might be useful in gathering feedback on new ideas and forms of communication. However, experimentation is not a virtue in itself – it has to operate within a set of precise guidelines, delineating the intention and context of the experiment, together with the ways in which feedback will be gathered and results will be measured. In short, a design hypothesis might be that the creation of a particular visual form will communicate a particular message to a given audience. An experiment to test this hypothesis would then involve creating variations of that form and gathering feedback from target audiences or experts within that particular field of design in order to measure the relative success or failure of the work to communicate as intended.
Basic Instrumentation
Published in Vinayak Bairagi, Mousami V. Munot, Research Methodology, 2019
Pradeep B. Mane, Shobha S. Nikam
Some experiments need to be performed in the real world, that is, at a field place rather than in the laboratory, are known as field-based experiments. Field experimental setups are completely different from laboratory experimental setup. Laboratory experiments enforce scientific control by testing a hypothesis in the artificial and highly controlled setting of a laboratory. These experiments take place in real-life settings such as industries, geographical locations, classroom, workplaces, and so on. The field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher external validity than laboratory experiments as they are performed in natural environment rather than in a laboratory environment. However, like natural experiments, field experiments suffer from the possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision and certainty in the laboratory.
Research Methods
Published in Nancy J. Stone, Chaparro Alex, Joseph R. Keebler, Barbara S. Chaparro, Daniel S. McConnell, Introduction to Human Factors, 2017
Nancy J. Stone, Chaparro Alex, Joseph R. Keebler, Barbara S. Chaparro, Daniel S. McConnell
Variables change or vary, taking on a range of values across individuals. An independent variable is the variable that we manipulate in an experiment such as whether the participant uses a cell phone or not (i.e., “driving with” or “driving without”). It is “independent” because it is a freely selected variable that is not influenced by other variables in the research project. We choose what the independent variable will be and the aspects of it we will be studying. If we are conducting research on the impact of color on mood to inform Bill how to help his grandfather, we might have people perform a task in rooms of different colors that we selected. In this case, room color would be our independent variable. We might also want the participants to perform a task that has various levels of difficulty, whereby task difficulty would be a second independent variable.
Mind the gap between research and practice in operations management
Published in IISE Transactions, 2023
Xiaohong Chen, Tianhu Deng, Zuo-Jun Max Shen, Yi Yu
A field experiment is a method for testing causality under real scenarios by randomly assigning subjects to treatment or control groups. By conducting field experiments, researchers can obtain previously implicit or unobservable information to make unbiased estimates. For instance, a field experiment conducted by Gaur and Fisher (2005) in toy stores yields an unexpected result that sales sometimes increase with a price increase. They find that two factors can explain this observation. One is that price is regarded as an indicator of quality in some cases, and the other is that consumers treat some products as gifts, so the sweet spots of pricing are more popular. Fisher et al. (2018) explore demand signals that cannot be observed by researchers based on a field experiment with randomized prices. We refer readers to the following studies that use field experiments to investigate the effects of inventory levels on demands (Craig et al., 2016), information disclosure (Allcott and Sweeney, 2017), incentive design (Brahm and Poblete, 2018), fit information in online retail (Gallino and Morenob, 2018), etc.
Engineering Laboratory Experiments – a Typology
Published in Engineering Studies, 2022
Overall, controlled laboratory experiments are typically defined by an intervention, randomization, pre- and after measurements, and a control group. In many experiments described above the same measurements are repeated numerous times for reasons of (inter-laboratory) precision and accuracy. Experiments are even carried out to assess between-laboratory reproducibility. But if we test materials and not people, control group experiments are absent almost everywhere. Once the elasticity of some steel alloy is known, it is assumed to remain the same during the time another piece of the same material undergoes some treatment. Although hysteresis is important for many phenomena in mechanics, the Solomon-four group design does not make sense for determining material properties. Thus, safeguards may vary with the subject of the experiments.
Investigating undergraduate mathematics learners’ cognitive engagement with recorded lecture videos
Published in International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2019
S. Trenholm, B. Hajek, C.L. Robinson, M. Chinnappan, A. Albrecht, H. Ashman
Controlled experiments provide an opportunity for researchers to study the effects of selected variables while controlling for others, thus allowing for causal inferences. Yet such research approaches may be difficult to undertake in certain settings. For example, in relation to the present investigation there are no known controlled experiments investigating the use of RLVs in undergraduate mathematics [23]. Moreover, while controlled laboratory experiments may yield high internal validity, for research on RLV use, there may be threats to external validity due to the use of non-naturalistic study settings. Conversely, the quasi-experimental research approach used in this study is considered to yield high external validity while also producing threats to internal validity due to, for example, the inability to control environmental factors around RLV use.