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System Stability and Sustainability
Published in R. S. Bridger, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2017
The aging of the population in some countries is also due to lowered birth rates. In the United Kingdom, the birth rate peaked in 1961 and has fallen ever since. In many developed countries, the birth rate is lower than the population replacement rate. The effects of aging populations have been mitigated over the last 50 years by greater participation in the workforce by women, particularly in jobs that were previously male-centric (such as the armed forces) and the age at which people marry and start families has increased. Immigration to developed countries has also slowed the aging of the workforces of these countries. Immigration can prevent population shrinkage but it cannot prevent population aging in the long term because, within a generation or two, the birth rates of high fertility immigrant groups approach those of the host population (Coleman 1995).
The Environmental ImPACT
Published in John C. Ayers, Sustainability, 2017
Currently the world’s developed countries have very low birth rates, sometimes below the replacement level of roughly of 2.1 children per woman, causing population to be steady or to even decline. However, the population is still growing at an exponential rate in developing countries. The population of these countries will not stabilize for a long time because of population momentum: a high proportion of the population in countries like China and Haiti is of child-bearing age (Figure 3.8), so the population will increase even if fertility drops (Diamond 2005). Because the amount of nonrenewable resources is fixed, and the renewal rate of renewable resources is relatively constant, exponential growth in population results in an exponential decline in the average amount of resources available to each person.
Simulated Planning of Electric Power Systems
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
Birth rate is computed from population and birth fraction. birth_rate = population * birth_fractionbirth_fraction = 0.015
Investigating the crowd-drawing effect, on passersby, of pseudo-crowds using multiple robots
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2023
Joichiro Amada, Yuki Okafuji, Kohei Matsumura, Jun Baba, Junya Nakanishi
Some countries are facing seriously declining birth rates and aging populations. If the current situation continues, it will significantly impact the economy [1]. To cope with this problem, robots are expected to become collaborative partners with humans. Studies on the use of service robots in public places are actively being conducted. In particular, robots that provide advertising information in public spaces (hereafter referred to as ‘advertising robots’) are in the spotlight as an effective tool for advertising [2]. The advertising robots can be used not only in a commercial context but also in a wide range of applications, such as requesting hand sanitizing. Advertising robots can interact with passersby using their conversational skills, something a conventional advertising medium does not have. In addition, because of the robot's embodiment, advertising robots can attract people's attention and direct their interest to the advertising information [3]. A previous study reported that advertising robots are more effective at attracting users' interest and promoting users' consumption behaviour than conventional advertising media such as tablets [4].
Measuring the complexity of migration transition: an attempt using metrics
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Harjot Kaur, Karanjeet Singh Kahlon
where is a population of offspring agents in society during any time 4 . : Birth Rate, this metric measures the rate of births that have occurred during a specific time period in a society. It is represented as birth count in a society relative to agent population of the same in a given time period . It is measured as
ChiCaRo: tele-presence robot for interacting with babies and toddlers‡
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
Kasumi Abe, Masahiro Shiomi, Yachao Pei, Tingyi Zhang, Narumitsu Ikeda, Takayuki Nagai
For such developed countries as Japan and Germany, falling birth rates and aging populations are huge problems. To tackle them, robotics researchers continue to focus on the physical and mental support of elderly people through interaction with robots: socially assistive pet robots for mental support [1], autonomous wheelchair robots for locomotion support [2], shopping support robots for daily activity support [3], information-providing robots for elderly people in care home environments [4], and tele-operation robots as conversation partners [5].