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Laser Beam Shaping in Array-Type Laser Printing Systems
Published in Fred M. Dickey, Scott C. Holswade, David L. Shealy, Laser Beam Shaping Applications, 2018
Andrew F. Kurtz, Daniel D. Haas
During the system design process, detailed analysis and optimization using lens design software (such as ZEMAX or OSLO) or illumination design software (such as Light Tools or ASAP) or both, can be used to control lens aberrations and verify system performance. Additionally, the first-order design can also be modified to help system efficiency. For example, an underfill factor can be applied during the layout of the uniformizer lenslet arrays so that the second array is slightly underfilled to compensate for broadening of the beams at the b1 plane induced both by lens aberration and aperture diffraction. There is an opportunity, particularly with refractive lenslets, to experience light loss from scatter and diffraction at the seams where adjacent lenslets meet. Likewise, an overfill factor can be allowed at the modulator plane to allow for edge broadening at either end of the modulator. A similar system94 can also be designed in which the far field light profile, rather than the near field light profile, is input into the fly’s eye integrator for light uniformization to then provide illumination to the modulator array. The difference can be regarded as providing a Koehler illumination input, rather than a critical illumination type input.50
Laser Beam Shaping in Array-Type Laser Printing Systems
Published in Fred M. Dickey, Todd E. Lizotte, Laser Beam Shaping Applications, 2017
Andrew F. Kurtz, Daniel D. Haas, Nissim Pilossof
During the system design process, detailed analysis and optimization using lens design software (such as ZEMAX or Code V) or illumination design software (such as Light Tools) or both, can be used to control lens aberrations and verify system performance. In addition, the first-order design can also be modified to help system efficiency. For example, an underfill factor can be applied during the layout of the uniformizer lenslet arrays so that the second array is slightly underfilled to compensate for broadening of the beams at the b1 plane induced by both lens aberration and aperture diffraction. There is an opportunity, particularly with refractive lenslets, to experience light loss from scatter and diffraction at the seams where adjacent lenslets meet. Likewise, an overfill factor can be allowed at the modulator plane to allow for edge broadening at either end of the modulator. A similar system11 can also be designed in which the far-field light profile, rather than the near-field light profile, is input into the fly’s eye integrator for light uniformization to then provide illumination to the modulator array. The difference can be regarded as providing a Koehler illumination input, rather than a critical illumination type input.69
Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors
Published in Toru Yoshizawa, Handbook of Optical Metrology, 2015
The tools that are used came into existence nearly a century ago. From the beginning, lens design has been a computation-intensive process. Lens designs were among the first civilian products to benefit from the use of digital computers. By the early 1950s, datasets were already flown from Britain to the United States to be analyzed on the Manhattan Project’s computers at Los Alamos. Today, much more powerful computers can be found on every engineer’s desk and their use in optical design has passed from analysis, almost without thought, to optimization. Immensely powerful computer programs such as ZEMAX (Zemax Development Corporation) and CODE-V (Optical Research Associates) are able to optimize designs in minutes that would have taken months or years in earlier times. However, their very speed risks the classic problem of rubbish-in–rubbish-out. Although tremendous progress has been made in the development of high-speed ray tracing and efficient optimization algorithms, very little has been achieved in creating software to synthesize starting points. This is still the responsibility of the designer.
Design of an RGB colour separation prism based on the maximum ratio of aperture to length
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2023
Yunfeng Jiang, Dongsheng Wu, Bing Zhou, Jie Liu, Fuyu Huang
We calculated the dimensions and the apertures of an RGB colour separation prism that maximize D/L and D/H. Then, the FOV was analysed and the results show that the apertures of the RGB colour separation prism are similar in both cases. However, the FOV angles are 30.74° when D/L is maximum, but only 11.64° when D/H is maximum. Therefore, the RGB prism was designed using the maximum value of D/L. Next, according to the theoretical band divisions of blue, green and red light and theory of depolarization, the TFC software was used to design and optimize the colour separation films which realize the effect of depolarization and meet the design requirements. Finally, the ZEMAX software was used to generate the ray tracing. The results show that the ray tracing is in accordance with the assumption when the value of the entrance pupil diameter is 99.5% of the theoretical, while the prism dimensions remain reasonable. The RGB colour separation prism designed fulfils the specified objectives, but the dimensions of the prism, thickness of the air gap and transmittance of the colour separation films still needs further optimization [26].
Efficient numerical method of freeform lens design for arbitrary irradiance shaping
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2018
The algorithm presented was implemented in MATLAB, which provided a discretized solution in the form of a 2D array zL(xi,yj), representing the freeform surface shape. To enable verification, the programme also generated the files readable by ZEMAX (OpticStudio) environment, where the design of the lenses was tested using a powerful ray-tracing engine and a collection of analysis tools. An example of verification was presented in the paper as a case study, where the optical design was faced with the highly unconventional task of casting our institute logo composed of the letters ‘ioe’ on a flat target surface. The results indicate the correctness of the methodology. The case study includes a quantitative analysis and discussion of the solution that was obtained, and its performance from several perspectives: freeform surface shape, target light distribution, computation time, solution stability, background impact and depth of focus. The designed lens was also implemented in a simulated optical setup composed of commercially available semiconductor lasers and an aspheric lens. This was done to test the lens performance in case of a non-zero étendue input beam. The optics proved resistant to small deviations from a perfectly collimated input and demonstrated large depth of focus and surprisingly high-resolution performance.
Sensitivity of corneal biomechanical and optical behavior to material parameters using design of experiments method
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Mengchen Xu, Amy L. Lerner, Paul D. Funkenbusch, Ashutosh Richhariya, Geunyoung Yoon
The 3-D anterior and posterior corneal surface geometry data were exported from each finite element simulation at three levels of IOP (10, 15 and 20 mmHg) to compute refractive power and SA for the central 6 mm corneal diameter. A custom-developed Matlab (2013, The MathWorks, United States) program was used to characterize the corneal surface map from simulation directly using Zernike circle polynomials. An optical ray-tracing program (Zemax, Radiant Zemax, LLC) was used to calculate individual Zernike coefficients representing different types of total wavefront aberrations induced by both anterior and posterior corneal surfaces.