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Picometer Detection by Adaptive Holographic Interferometry
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Fundamentals of PICOSCIENCE, 2013
of all these sources. With increasing brilliance, X-ray microscopy-in particular scanning microscopy-has become more and more efficient, pushing the spatial resolution from a few micrometers in the early 1990 s to the nanometer regime, today. As we will show in this chapter, manipulating an x-ray beam with optics is quite challenging, in particular due to the weak elastic scattering of x-rays in matter and their relatively strong attenuation. Therefore, over the years, a large variety of x-ray optics has been designed, based on refraction, reflection, and diffraction. Most of the optics encountered today are technology-limited, that is, the theoretical performance limits based on the underlying physics are not reached, yet. The smallest one-dimensional focus, that is, 7nm full width at half maximum (FWHM), obtained so far has been created by a hybrid optic made of a curved multilayer mirror and an aberration correcting total-reflection mirror [1].
X-Ray Methods
Published in Grinberg Nelu, Rodriguez Sonia, Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 2019
The function of the X-ray optics is to condition the primary X-ray beam into the required wavelength, beam focus size, beam profile, and divergency. The optimum combination of X-ray optics usually depends on the specific application. For example, high-resolution X-ray diffraction for solving crystal structures from powder diffraction data usually requires a high-energy source of X-rays such as a synchrotron, a monochromator that permits only a single wavelength to interact with the sample, and a high-sensitivity detector. A description of the various optical components is given in the following section.
CVD diamond: a review on options and reality
Published in Functional Diamond, 2023
Single crystalline diamond shows promises for applications in optics due to its high refraction index of 2.4 (at 600 nm) in combination with its high transparency from UV (225 nm) to the far infrared [25]. Most successful applications currently are infra-red windows and optical lenses for high power lasers as well as X-ray optics and etalons. Thermal applications as heat spreader in 5G communication amplifiers and as laser submounts are commercially interesting. Mechanical applications of diamond are well established as cutting tools, scalpels, knives, length gauge tips and wear resistant components (eg for textile machines, insert for dresser tools).
Element differentiation with a Hartmann- based X-ray phase imaging system
Published in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 2022
Ombeline de La Rochefoucauld, Ginevra Begani Provinciali, Alessia Cedola, Philip K. Cook, Francesca Di Lillo, Guillaume Dovillaire, Fabrice Harms, Mourad Idir, Xavier Levecq, Laura Oudjedi, Tan-Binh Phan, Martin Piponnier, Giuliana Tromba, Philippe Zeitoun
Using the HPXI system we can calculate the transmission and phase maps. Knowing the sphere thickness, it is possible, using Equation (5-7), to measure experimentally and for the different spheres at the different energies (10, 12 and 14 keV). Results have been reported in the graphs in Figure 6. The experimental results (red dots) were compared with the tabulated index of refraction for compound materials available online on the Center for X-Ray Optics website [37] (blue crosses). They fit well with less than 10% error.
Ultrathick Boron Carbide Coatings for Nuclear Fusion Targets
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
Swanee J. Shin, Leonardus B. Bayu Aji, Alison M. Engwall, John H. Bae, Gregory V. Taylor, Paul B. Mirkarimi, Chantel Aracne-Ruddle, Jack Nguyen, Casey W. N. Kong, Sergei O. Kucheyev
Boron carbide is a material with a unique combination of properties1 attractive for several applications, such as cutting and abrasive tools,1–3 X-ray optics,4 light-weight armor, components for fission nuclear reactors, neutron detectors,5,6 the first wall of tokamaks,7 anticorrosive coatings, and target ablator capsules for inertial confinement fusion8–16 (ICF). This ICF-related capsule application requires ultrathick (~10- to 200-μm) coatings with submicron-scale density uniformity on both planar and spherical substrates with diameters of ~0.5 to 5.0 mm.