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X-Ray Lasers
Published in Shalom Eliezer, Kunioki Mima, Applications of Laser–Plasma Interactions, 2008
Hiroyuki Daido, Tetsuya Kawachi, Kengo Moribayashi, Alexander Pirozhkov
The experiment, using double targets, could be seen in the QSS collisional-excitation laser in 1990s [22], and recently a fully spatially coherent x-ray laser at 13.9 nm was demonstrated in TCE laser [23]. The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 4.4. The x-ray laser beam from the first gain medium worked as a seed x-ray generator, and a portion of the first x-ray laser beam was injected into the second gain medium (x-ray amplifier), in which only a spatial coherent component of the seed x-ray was amplified. The obtained beam divergence was only 0.2 mrad, which was comparable with that of the diffraction limit [23]. In the double target geometry, the first target can be replaced by another source such as higher-order harmonics. Recently, a French group and a Japanese group have demonstrated the injection of the high-order harmonics to the x-ray laser amplifier [24, 25]. In both cases beam divergence and the output intensity of the x-ray laser beam were obviously improved. Such highly coherent x-ray lasers can provide unique applications such as soft x-ray speckles produced by domain structures in ferroelectric materials. In this case, dynamics of the domain structure can be taken with a picosecond time resolution [26, 27]. Such unique applications using x-ray lasers might be encouraged by many scientists.
X-Ray Lasers
Published in Hitendra K. Malik, Laser-Matter Interaction for Radiation and Energy, 2021
X-ray lasers produce pulses that are ultrashort, ultrafast, and possess ultrahigh brightness because of which they have carved a niche for themselves in the area of nanoscopy, such as for observing tiny structures at atomic scale and for filming extremely fast processes like making or breaking of chemical bonds. X-ray lasers therefore are of great importance currently in the area of atomic and molecular physics, surface physics and chemistry, materials science, and current technology (Lee et al. 2012).
Light, the universe and everything – 12 Herculean tasks for quantum cowboys and black diamond skiers
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2018
Girish Agarwal, Roland E. Allen, Iva Bezděková, Robert W. Boyd, Goong Chen, Ronald Hanson, Dean L. Hawthorne, Philip Hemmer, Moochan B. Kim, Olga Kocharovskaya, David M. Lee, Sebastian K. Lidström, Suzy Lidström, Harald Losert, Helmut Maier, John W. Neuberger, Miles J. Padgett, Mark Raizen, Surjeet Rajendran, Ernst Rasel, Wolfgang P. Schleich, Marlan O. Scully, Gavriil Shchedrin, Gennady Shvets, Alexei V. Sokolov, Anatoly Svidzinsky, Ronald L. Walsworth, Rainer Weiss, Frank Wilczek, Alan E. Willner, Eli Yablonovitch, Nikolay Zheludev
There are two different types of table-top plasma-based X-ray lasers: recombination lasers with pumping via a three-body collisional recombination process and collisional lasers with pumping by electron collisional excitation [260,208]. Interestingly, the building of a rather wide range of such plasma-based X-ray lasers is itself attributable to the development of the high power ultrashort IR and optical lasers widely used for production of plasma with the required parameters. In particular, the recombination X-ray lasers rely on fast optical laser ionization via tunneling, resulting in a complete stripping of all electrons without appreciable heating [260]. The shortest wavelength currently achieved in the recombination lasers is 4.03 nm [259]. The pulse duration in the table-top plasma lasers is longer than a picosecond. The pulse energy and the pulse repetition rate in the collisional plasma X-ray lasers are as high as several mJ and 100 Hz, respectively [208]. Such plasma-based X-ray lasers have found numerous applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, nanoscience and material science [260,208].