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Smart-Grid and Solar Energy Harvesting in IoT-based Cities
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Intelligence in IoT-enabled Smart Cities, 2018
Fadi Al-Turjman, Abdulsalam Abdulkadir
A Wireless Mesh network is a combination of nodes that are joined in groups and work as a self-reliant router. The self-healing property of these nodes are helpful for a communication signal to find a route through active nodes. Infrastructures of mesh network are decentralized because each node sends information to the next node. Wireless mesh is used in small business operation and remote areas for affordable connections [1, 11, 12].
Energy Harvesting in IoT-Based Grid
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Smart Grid in IoT-Enabled Spaces, 2020
Fadi Al-Turjman, Abdulsalam Ahmed Abdulkadir
A wireless mesh network is a combination of nodes that are joined in groups and working as a self-reliant router. Self-healing property of these nodes helps communication signal find a route through active nodes. Infrastructures of mesh network are decentralized because each node sends information to the next node. Wireless mesh is used in small business operation and remote areas for affordable connections [1,10,11].
Securing top-k query processing in two-tiered sensor networks
Published in Connection Science, 2021
Xiaoyan Kui, Jiannan Feng, Xinran Zhou, Huakun Du, Xia Deng, Ping Zhong, Xingpo Ma
The two-tiered wireless sensor network (TWSN) is an important model of Sensor-Cloud Integration (Botta et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2017; Stergiou et al., 2018; Sudip et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017) and fog computing (Kui et al., 2018a, 2018b; Liang et al., 2020a). It can be utilised in a variety of critical applications, such as medical care, environment monitoring and national defense and is indispensable for prolonging network lifetime, as well as improving network scalability and stability. Generally, two-tiered wireless sensor networks have two layers, namely the upper layer and the lower layer. At the lower layer, many resource-limited sensor nodes with short communication radius and low computing capability constitute the multi-hop ad hoc network; at the upper layer, some storage nodes, which have more power and storage capability, constitute a wireless mesh network. Since the storage nodes have the responsibility of collecting the sensed data items from all the sensor nodes in their own cells and responding to the queries sent from users, they are considered to be the critical nodes in two-tiered wireless sensor networks.
An efficient LoRa-based smart agriculture management and monitoring system using wireless sensor networks
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
S. J. Suji Prasad, M. Thangatamilan, M. Suresh, Hitesh Panchal, Christober Asir Rajan, C. Sagana, B. Gunapriya, Aditi Sharma, Tusharkumar Panchal, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni
An automatic miniaturised greenhouse monitoring system was developed (Ibrahim et al. 2019). This system will monitor constantly and continuously on environmental factors in the orangery, to make sure that it stay in preset levels of temperature and humidity. If the greenhouse surrounding condition is slightly diverge from preset values, and then the monitoring system will automatically turn the sensors in the devices to compensate the preset level conditions. For this monitoring system, four different types of sensors were used for automatic greenhouse monitoring setup implementation. All the data and signals from the sensor are given to the microcontroller which acts as the main control unit. These values are transferred to the user interface or main control unit through the LoRa module. In previous systems, humans manually measured the moisture, temperature, humidity and various factors in the agricultural fields (Raj and Ananthi 2019). Their main aim is to check the condition and alert other farmers for manually alter the field. Some other existing methodologies incorporate Wi-fi and Zigbee technology. For Wi-fi, WSN802G modules are used. Based on this module, wireless sensor nodes are used. The data from these nodes are transmitted wirelessly to the main server, where data gets collected, analysed and displayed based on the farmer needs. Another technique is known as ZigBee, having many advantages like low cost and power. The topology used here is a wireless mesh network, which is a standard used for battery-operated devices particularly in wireless monitoring and control applications. It also provides low-latency communication. The above methods are perfect for smart agriculture. But these methodologies have some of the common disadvantages. Even though the above methods were identified for smart farming, there are some common limitations among them. Direct human involvement increases the errors in the output as the viewing angle and direction differs for different people. The human prediction may lead to half of the error because of climatic predictions by farmers; it varies from time to time. Labour problem is the major limitation in agriculture. Costs for labour is also get increased in recent times. The major limitation is the limited signal range (Butun, Pereira, and Gidlund 2019). The range of Wi-fi can approximately extend up to 50 m. But this range cannot be used in agricultural farms, because of its larger surface area. Data transmission speed in most wireless networks is far slower than the wired networks. Another protocol called Zigbee, also having a limitation of short-range, low complexity, low transmission and low data speed. Maintenance cost is somewhat high that makes it a step back when compared to other protocols.