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Scientific origins
Published in Gregory F. Nemet, How Solar Energy Became Cheap, 2019
Kelly was born in rural Missouri and studied physics at the University of Chicago. He rose through the Bell Labs’ hierarchy quickly, serving as director of research, vice president, and eventually president of Bell Labs from 1951 to 1959. Kelly created the mantra that Bell was “inventing ways to invent things” and viewed a central part of his role as developing new ways to perform research. One means of doing so was to help design the Bell Labs building in Murray Hill, New Jersey, a space that promoted collaboration between researchers by placing them physically close to one another. His vision was to create a critical mass of talented people to generate a fast and healthy exchange of ideas (Bell Labs, 2018). He was especially interested in combining a diversity of backgrounds—so that differing domains of expertise might complement each other and combine in novel and sometimes unexpected ways. His approach was successful in that, in his time as Lab Director, Bell produced various world-changing products such as the transatlantic telephone cable, the transistor computer, the laser, and the world’s first practical solar cell.
First Principles Calculations in Exploring the Magnetism of Oxide-Based DMS
Published in Jiabao Yi, Sean Li, Functional Materials and Electronics, 2018
Conventional semiconductors devices, such as field-effect transistor, computer processor, and random access memories, are based on the manipulation of charge transport. The charge flow on/off controlled by the gate voltage represents the digital states 1/0 of the devices. Different functions are realized via the integrated circuit composed of transistors, capacitors, resistors, and diodes. Semiconducting electronics have been developed rapidly since 1970s, which are popularly considered as following the Moore’s law. The Moore’s law has successfully predicted that the power of these semiconductor devices doubles in approximately 18 months for several decades, while now it is almost reaching the limits.
50 years (and more) of German computer history
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
Another invention in the field of electronics also facilitated the steep rise of the computer industry at the end of the 1950s: the transistor. Computers became generally faster, more efficient, more compact and above all more affordable. It was established in all computer architectures and scopes of application. Hence in 1956, the first German transistor computer could be introduced by Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) located in Stuttgart. The first exemplar was not deployed in research this time around, but in the economy – namely by the mail-order company Quelle in Fürth. Further transistor mainframe computers followed at the end of the fifties and the beginning of the sixties such as the Siemens 2002, the Zuse Z23 and the Telefunken TR-4 that achieved modest accomplishments nationally but could certainly not keep up with the sales successes of IBMs or Sperry Rands UNIVACs.