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Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
Caller-ID transmits the telephone number of the calling party over the local loop to the called party where the number is displayed on a small visual display. The number is encoded as digital data and is sent in a short burst, using phase shift keying, during the interval between the first and second ringing signal. Advanced caller-ID systems also transmit the name associated with the directory listing for the calling number. With caller-ID, it is possible to know who is calling before answering the telephone. However, some people consider their telephone number to be very private and personal and do not want it transmitted to others. This privacy issue delayed the availability of caller-ID in some states and is a good example of the importance of understanding the social impacts of the telephone.
New Artificial Intelligence Frontiers for Autonomous Networks
Published in Mazin Gilbert, Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Networks, 2018
The conventional telephone was a huge improvement to the telegraph, as people could hear each other’s voice, and experience the emotion of another human being. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879, in the United States and in England in the cities of New Haven and London, respectively.
Internet Applications
Published in Akshi Kumar, Web Technology, 2018
Internet Telephony is the service provided by the Internet that uses the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) application layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack to offer this service. It is the technology that is used to transmit voice over the Internet. The voice is first converted into digital data, which is then organized into small packets. These packets are stamped with the destination IP address and routed over the Internet. At the receiving end, the digital data is reconverted into voice and fed into the user’s phone. VoIP is a form of communication that allows you to make phone calls over a broadband Internet connection instead of typical analog telephone lines. Basic VoIP access usually allows you to call others who are also receiving calls over the Internet. Some VoIP services require a computer or a dedicated VoIP phone, while others allow you to use your landline phone to place VoIP calls through a special adapter. Thus, for VoIP, you need a broadband Internet connection, plus a traditional phone and an adapter; a VoIP-enabled phone; or VoIP software on your computer. VoIP examples include Xbox Voice, Windows messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, Motorola Phone Adapter (Vonage), Cisco Phone, and Skype (Figure 2.5).
Design and implementation of a VoIP PBX integrated Vietnamese virtual assistant: a case study
Published in Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2023
Hai Son Hoang, Anh Khoa Tran, Thanh Phong Doan, Huu Khoa Tran, Ngoc Minh Duc Dang, Hoang Nam Nguyen
Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) comprises a set of software and hardware technologies for making voice calls that use a data network instead of a traditional Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) system. VoIP is widely used in corporate environments, and the adoption of this technology by businesses is expected to continue growing in the coming years (Packer & Reuschel, 2018). The main reason for the popularity of this model is cost saving. Both large and small companies acknowledge that deploying and managing separate data and voice networks is expensive. In contrast, converged voice and data networks enable unified communications services while reducing costs. Furthermore, the costs associated with traditional phone calls are usually higher than those associated with VoIP calls (Karapantazis & Pavlidou, 2009).
The categorisation of hearing loss through telephony in inter-war Britain
Published in History and Technology, 2019
The ability to hear normally was both defined and moderated by the telephone during the inter-war years in Britain. The telephone was patented by the Scottish/American inventor and teacher of the deaf Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and it soon became a tool for people with what the Post Office constructed as normal hearing to communicate with each other. It was thus a purely aural device that served to further isolate people with limited hearing from key areas of everyday life. The telephone was domesticated after the First World War had accustomed a generation of soldiers to its use, and it became an essential business tool during the inter-war years. During this period, the telephone was transformed for many users from a luxury item to a necessity, and the ability to use the telephone became a social requisite. For society in general and particularly within the Post Office telecommunications department, the ability to use the telephone (whether amplified or not) meant inclusion in the hearing world. The telecommunications department of the Post Office exemplifies an office hidden behind its role as a cog driving the larger Post Office ‘Government Machine’, with its role in providing a telephone for people with hearing loss ‘marked by opaqueness and discretion’.1 It was this department that mediated complaints about the audibility of the telephone, and liaised with the engineering department at the Dollis Hill Research Station to guide possible improvements to the telephone service. This article will demonstrate that the ability to use the telephone was contingent upon, and indicative of, ‘normal hearing’, even though changing standards and improvements to the telephone system meant that the threshold for such categorisation was unstable. These developments are not considered in isolation but rather very much as a product of their time, and especially of the social and cultural milieu of the inter-war years that expedited the nascent welfare state. Rather than seeing the inter-war years as a period of escalation towards the Second World War, after which real change to welfare in the UK began, I show here that major changes were precipitated in the aftermath of the First World War.